Unions, Worker Voice, and Management Practices: Implications for a High-Productivity, High-Wage Economy

Voice Gap: Percentage of Workers with Less Involvement Than They Want

Source: Adapted from Kochan et al. 2019. Data based on Kochan and colleagues’ analysis of Worker Voice Survey.

Note: Calculated as the share of respondents who, on a given issue, rate higher on how much say they ought to have compared to how much say they actually have.

Percent of Non-union Workers Who Would Vote for a Union

Source: Adapted from Kochan et al. 2019. Based on authors’ analysis of 1977 Quality of Employment Survey (Quinn and Staines 1992), Worker Representation and Participation Survey (Freeman and Rogers 1999), and 2017 Worker Voice Survey data. Data for 1995 from Freeman and Rogers 1999, 99.

Note: Each year’s sample excludes self-employed. The 1995 sample also excludes all management occupations.

Non-union Worker Likely Vote in a Union Representation Election, 1984–2004

Source: Freeman 2007, figure A.

Note: The original figure was based on polls conducted by Hart Research Associates from 1993 through 2014, supplemented with data from a 1984 Harris poll.