Replacing Medicaid with an Imperfect Substitute: Implications for Health Inequality

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Aizer, Anna,
   2. Janet Currie, and
   3. Enrico Moretti

   . 2007. “Does Managed Care Hurt Health? Evidence from Medicaid Mothers.” Review of Economics and Statistics 89(3): 385–99.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
2. ↵
   1. Akee, Randall

   . 2010. “Who Leaves? Deciphering Immigrant Self-Selection from a Developing Country.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 58(2): 323–44.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Alatas, Vivi,
   2. Ririn Purnamasari,
   3. Matthew Wai-Poi,
   4. Abhijit Banerjee,
   5. Benjamin A. Olken, and
   6. Rema Hanna

   . 2016. “Self-Targeting: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia.” Journal of Political Economy 124(2): 371–427.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
4. ↵
   1. Appel, Jacob,
   2. Bethany Atkins,
   3. Claire Denton-Spalding,
   4. Yusuf Dahl,
   5. Shekeima Dockery,
   6. Conner McDowell,
   7. Luna Nguyen,
   8. Alexandra Parma,
   9. Hong Van Pham,
   10. Julia Reed, et al

   . 2017. “Hawaii’s COFA Islanders: Improving Health Access and Outcomes.” Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.
5. ↵
   1. Borjas, George J

   . 2001. “Welfare Reform and Immigration.” In The New World of Welfare, edited by Rebecca M. Blank and Ron Haskins. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
6. ↵
   1. Christensen, Julian,
   2. Lene Aarøe,
   3. Martin Baekgaard,
   4. Pamela Herd, and
   5. Donald P. Moynihan

   . 2020. “Human Capital and Administrative Burden: The Role of Cognitive Resources in Citizenstate Interactions.” Public Administration Review 80(1): 127–36.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Department of Human Services

   . 2014. “COFA Residents and Health Care Assistance in Hawaii.” Technical report. Oahu: State of Hawai‘i. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://humanservices.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/COFA-Background-Memo.pdf.
8. ↵
   1. Deshpande, Manasi, and
   2. Yue Li

   . 2019. “Who Is Screened Out? Application Costs and the Targeting of Disability Programs.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11(4): 213–48.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Diamond, Dan

   . 2020. “Irradiated, Cheated and Now Infected: America’s Marshall Islanders Confront a Covid-19 Disaster.” Politico, December 17. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/17/americas-marshall-islanders-confront-covid-19-disaster-447158.
10. ↵
    1. Ellis, Randall P., and
    2. Thomas G. McGuire

    . 2007. “Predictability and Predictiveness in Health Care Spending.” Journal of Health Economics 26(1): 25–48.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. ↵
    1. Finkelstein, Amy, and
    2. Matthew J. Notowidigdo

    . 2019. “Take-Up and Targeting: Experimental Evidence from SNAP.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134(3): 1505–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. ↵
    1. Fix, Michael E., and
    2. Jeffrey S. Passel

    . 1999. “Trends in Noncitizens’ and Citizens’ Use of Public Benefits Following Welfare Reform.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
13. ↵
    1. Garthwaite, Craig,
    2. John Graves,
    3. Tal Gross,
    4. Zeynal Karaca,
    5. Victoria Marone and
    6. Matthew J. Notowidigdo

    . 2019. “All Medicaid Expansions Are Not Created Equal: The Geography and Targeting of the Affordable Care Act.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Fall 2019: 1–70.
14. ↵
    1. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew

    . 2018. “Public Insurance and Mortality: Evidence from Medicaid Implementation.” Journal of Political Economy 126(1): 216–62.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew

    . 2021. “The Long-Run Effects of Childhood Insurance Coverage: Medicaid Implementation, Adult Health, and Labor Market Outcomes.” American Economic Review 111(8): 2550–93.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Griffith, Kevin N.,
    2. David K. Jones,
    3. Jacob H. Bor, and
    4. Benjamin D. Sommers

    . 2020. “Changes in Health Insurance Coverage, Access to Care, and Income-Based Disparities Among US Adults, 2011–17.” Health Affairs 39(2): 319–26.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. ↵
    1. Gruber, Jonathan

    . 2017. “Delivering Public Health Insurance Through Private Plan Choice in the United States.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(4): 3–22.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. ↵
    1. Hagiwara, Megan Kiyomi Inada,
    2. Jill Miyamura,
    3. Seiji Yamada, and
    4. Tetine Sentell

    . 2016. “Younger and Sicker: Comparing Micronesians to Other Ethnicities in Hawaii.” American Journal of Public Health 106(3): 485–91.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Halliday, Timothy J., and
    2. Randall Q. Akee

    . 2020. “The Impact of Medicaid on Medical Utilization in a Vulnerable Population: Evidence from COFA Migrants.” Health Economics 29(10): 1231–250.

    OpenUrlPubMed
20. ↵
    1. Herd, Pamela, and
    2. Donald P. Moynihan

    . 2018. Administrative Burden: Policymaking by Other Means. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
21. ↵
    1. Herd, Pamela, and
    2. Donald P. Moynihan

    . 2020. “How Administrative Burdens Can Harm Health.” Health Affairs Health Policy Brief, October. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hpb20200904.405159/full/health-affairs-brief-administrative-burdens-social-welfare-Herd-1623328845339.pdf.
22. ↵
    1. Hofschneider, Anita

    . 2018. “Being Micronesian in Hawaii Means Lots of Online Hate.” Honolulu Civil Beat, September 19. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.civilbeat.org/2018/09/beingmicronesian-in-hawaii-means-lots-of-online-hate/.
23. ↵
    1. Hofschneider, Anita

    . 2019. “Micronesians in Hawaii Still Struggle to Get Health Care.” Honolulu Civil Beat, April 3. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.civilbeat.org/2019/04/micronesians-in-hawaii-still-struggle-to-get-health-care/.
24. ↵
    1. Holt, Stephen, and
    2. Katie Vinopal

    . 2021. “It’s About Time: Examining Inequality in the Time Cost of Waiting.” Columbus: Ohio State University, John Glenn College of Public Affairs. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://glenn.osu.edu/its-about-time-examining-inequality-time-cost-waiting.
25. ↵
    1. Inada, Megan Kiyomi,
    2. Kathryn L Braun,
    3. Parkey Mwarike,
    4. Kevin Cassel,
    5. Randy Compton,
    6. Seiji Yamada, and
    7. Tetine Sentell

    . 2019. “Chuukese Community Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Other Barriers to Healthcare: Perspectives from Community Members and Providers.” Social Medicine 12(1): 3.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Kamstra, Joshua S, Ng,
    2. Teresa Molina, and
    3. Timothy Halliday

    . 2021. “Compact for Care: How the Affordable Care Act Marketplaces Fell Short for a Vulnerable Population in Hawaii.” BMJ Global Health 6(11): e007701.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
27. ↵
    1. Kullgren, Jeffrey T.,
    2. Catherine G. McLaughlin,
    3. Nandita Mitra, and
    4. Katrina Armstrong

    . 2012. “Nonfinancial Barriers and Access to Care for US Adults.” Health Services Research 47(1 Pt. 2): 462–85.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
28. ↵
    1. Kuziemko, Ilyana,
    2. Katherine Meckel, and
    3. Maya Rossin-Slater

    . 2018. “Does Managed Care Widen Infant Health Disparities? Evidence from Texas Medicaid.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 10(3): 255–83.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Kyle, Michael Anne, and
    2. Austin B. Frakt

    . 2021. “Patient Administrative Burden in the US Health Care System.” Health Services Research 56(5): 755–65.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Layton, Timothy J.,
    2. Nicole Maestas,
    3. Daniel Prinz, and
    4. Boris Vabson

    . 2019. “Private vs. Public Provision of Social Insurance: Evidence from Medicaid.” NBER working paper no. 26042. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
31. ↵
    1. Lee, Brian P.,
    2. Jennifer L. Dodge, and
    3. Norah A. Terrault

    . 2021. “Medicaid Expansion and Variability in Mortality in the USA: A National, Observational Cohort Study.” The Lancet Public Health 7(1): e48–e55.

    OpenUrl
32. ↵
    1. Lee, Hyunjung, and
    2. Frank W. Porell

    . 2020. “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status.” Medical Care Research and Review 77(5): 461–73.

    OpenUrl
33. ↵
    1. Lurie, Ithai Zvi

    . 2008. “Welfare Reform and the Decline in the Health-Insurance Coverage of Children of Non-Permanent Residents.” Journal of Health Economics 27(3): 786–93.

    OpenUrlPubMed
34. ↵
    1. McElfish, Pearl Anna,
    2. Emily Hallgren, and
    3. Seiji Yamada

    . 2015. “Effect of US Health Policies on Health Care Access for Marshallese Migrants.” American Journal of Public Health 105(4): 637–43.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
35. ↵
    1. McElfish, Pearl Anna,
    2. Rachel S. Purvis,
    3. Gregory G. Maskarinec,
    4. Williamina Ioanna Bing,
    5. Christopher J. Jacob,
    6. Mandy Ritok-Lakien,
    7. Jellesen Rubon-Chutaro,
    8. Sharlynn Lang,
    9. Sammie Mamis, and
    10. Sheldon Riklon

    . 2016. “Interpretive Policy Analysis: Marshallese COFA Migrants and the Affordable Care Act.” International Journal for Equity in Health 15(1): 1–12.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Miller, Sarah, and
    2. Laura R. Wherry

    . 2017. “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions.” New England Journal of Medicine 376(10): 947–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
37. ↵
    1. Miller, Sarah, and
    2. Laura R. Wherry

    . 2019. “The Long-Term Effects of Early Life Medicaid Coverage.” Journal of Human Resources 54(3): 785–824.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
38. ↵
    1. Miller, Sarah,
    2. Norman Johnson, and
    3. Laura R. Wherry

    . 2021. “Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 136(3): 1783–1829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjab004.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
39. ↵
    1. Molina, Teresa,
    2. Tetine Sentell,
    3. Randall Q. Akee,
    4. Alvin Onaka,
    5. Timothy J. Halliday, and
    6. Brian Horiuchi

    . 2020. “The Mortality Effects of Reduced Medicaid Coverage Among International Migrants in Hawaii: 2012–2018.” American Journal of Public Health 110(8): 1205–207.

    OpenUrlPubMed
40. ↵
    1. Myerson, Rebecca, and
    2. Samuel Crawford

    . 2020. “Coverage for Adults with Chronic Disease Under the First 5 Years of the Affordable Care Act.” Medical Care 58(10): 861–66.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Nembhard, Wendy N.,
    2. Britni L. Ayers,
    3. R. Thomas Collins,
    4. Xiaoyi Shan,
    5. Nader Z Rabie,
    6. Di Chang,
    7. James M. Robbins, and
    8. Pearl A. McElfish

    . 2019. “Adverse Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes Among Marshallese Women Living in the United States.” Maternal and Child Health Journal 23(11): 1525–35.

    OpenUrlPubMed
42. ↵
    1. Nichols, Albert L., and
    2. Richard J. Zeckhauser

    . 1982. “Targeting Transfers Through Restrictions on Recipients.” American Economic Review 72(2): 372–77.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Raker, Ethan J., and
    2. Tyler Woods

    . 2023. “Disastrous Burdens: Hurricane Katrina, Federal Housing Assistance, and Well-Being.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 9(5): 122–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/2023.9.5.06.

    OpenUrl
44. ↵
    1. Sommers, Benjamin D.,
    2. Katherine Baicker, and
    3. Arnold M. Epstein

    . 2012. “Mortality and Access to Care Among Adults After State Medicaid Expansions.” New England Journal of Medicine 367(11): 1025–34.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
45. ↵
    1. Stotzer, Rebecca

    . 2019. “Bias Against Micronesians in Hawai‘i.” Research Brief, February. Manoa: University of Hawai‘i, Myron B. Thompson School of Social Work.
46. ↵
    1. Swaminathan, Shailender,
    2. Benjamin D. Sommers,
    3. Rebecca Thorsness,
    4. Rajnish Mehrotra,
    5. Yoojin Lee, and
    6. Amal N. Trivedi

    . 2018. “Association of Medicaid Expansion with 1-Year Mortality Among Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease.” Journal of the American Medical Association 320(21): 2242–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
47. ↵
    1. Van Hook, Jennifer

    . 2003. “Welfare Reform’s Chilling Effects on Noncitizens: Changes in Noncitizen Welfare Recipiency or Shifts in Citizenship Status?” Social Science Quarterly 84(3): 613–31.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
48. ↵
    1. Wiggins, Alexandra,
    2. Ibraheem M. Karaye, and
    3. Jennifer A. Horney

    . 2020. “Medicaid Expansion and Infant Mortality, Revisited: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis.” Health Services Research 55(3): 393–98.

    OpenUrl
49. ↵
    1. Winkelman, Tyler N.A., and
    2. Virginia W. Chang

    . 2018. “Medicaid Expansion, Mental Health, and Access to Care Among Childless Adults with and Without Chronic Conditions.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33(3): 376–83.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
50. ↵
    1. Wright, Bill J.,
    2. Alison K. Conlin,
    3. Heidi L. Allen,
    4. Jennifer Tsui,
    5. Matthew J. Carlson, and
    6. Hsin Fang Li

    . 2016. “What Does Medicaid Expansion Mean for Cancer Screening and Prevention? Results from a Randomized Trial on the Impacts of Acquiring Medicaid Coverage.” Cancer 122(5): 791–97.

    OpenUrl
51. ↵
    1. Yamada, Seiji

    . 2011. “Discrimination in Hawai‘i and the Health of Micronesians and Marshallese.” Hawai‘i Journal of Public Health 3(1): 55–57.

    OpenUrl