Separate and Unequal Under One Roof: How the Legacy of Racialized Tracking Perpetuates Within-School Segregation

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Andrews, Rodney J., and
   2. Omari H. Swinton

   . 2014. “The Persistent Myths of ‘Acting White’ and Race Neutral Alternatives to Affirmative Action in Admissions.” Review of Black Political Economy 41(3): 357–71.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Archbald, Doug,
   2. Joseph Glutting, and
   3. Xiaoyu Qian

   . 2009. “Getting into Honors or Not: An Analysis of the Relative Influence of Grades, Test Scores, and Race on Track Placement in a Comprehensive High School.” American Secondary Education 37(2): 65–81.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Austen-Smith, David, and
   2. Roland G. Fryer

   . 2005. “An Economic Analysis of ‘Acting White.’” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(2): 551–83.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. ↵
   1. Caraway, Kirsten,
   2. Carolyn M. Tucker,
   3. Wendy M. Reinke, and
   4. Charles Hall

   . 2003. “Self-Efficacy, Goal Orientation, and Fear of Failure as Predictors of School Engagement in High School Students.” Psychology in the Schools 40(4): 417–27.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
5. ↵
   1. Chetty, Raj,
   2. John N. Friedman, and
   3. Jonah E. Rockoff

   . 2014. “Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood.” American Economic Review 104(9): 2633–679.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
6. ↵
   1. Clotfelter, Charles T.,
   2. Helen F. Ladd, and
   3. Jacob L. Vigdor

   . 2003. “Segregation and Resegregation in North Carolina’s Public School Classrooms.” North Carolina Law Review 81(4): 1463–512.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Coleman, James S

   . 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94(S): S95–120.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
8. ↵
   1. Conger, Dylan

   . 2005. “Within-School Segregation in an Urban School District.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 27(3): 225–44.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
9. ↵
   1. Conger, Dylan,
   2. Mark C. Long, and
   3. Patrice Iatarola

   . 2009. “Explaining Race, Poverty, and Gender Disparities in Advanced Course-Taking.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28(4): 555–76.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
10. ↵
    1. Cook, Philip J., and
    2. Jens Ludwig

    . 1998. “The Burden of ‘Acting White’: Do Black Adolescents Disparage Academic Achievement?” In The Black-White Test Score Gap, edited by Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
11. ↵
    1. Cose, Ellis

    . 1995. The Rage of a Privileged Class: Why are Middle-Class Blacks Angry? Why Should America Care? New York: Harper Perennial.
12. ↵
    1. Darity, William, Jr.., and
    2. Alicia Jolla

    . 2009. “Desegregated Schools with Segregated Education.” In The Integration Debate: Competing Futures For American Cities, edited by Chester Hartman and Gregory D. Squires. New York: Routledge.
13. ↵
    1. Dasgupta, Nilanjana

    . 2011. “Ingroup Experts and Peers as Social Vaccines Who Inoculate the Self-Concept: The Stereotype Inoculation Model.” Psychological Inquiry 22(4): 231–46.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. ↵
    1. Diamond, John B

    . 2006. “Still Separate and Unequal: Examining Race, Opportunity, and School Achievement in ‘Integrated’ Suburbs.” Journal of Negro Education 75(3): 495–505.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. Diette, Timothy M.,
    2. Darrick Hamilton,
    3. Arthur H. Goldsmith, and
    4. William A. Darity Jr.

    . 2021. “Does the Negro Need Separate Schools? A Retrospective Analysis of the Racial Composition of Schools and Black Adult Academic and Economic Success.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7(1): 166–86. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2021.7.1.10.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. ↵
    1. Fordham, Signithia, and
    2. John U. Ogbu

    . 1986. “Black Students’ School Success: Coping with the ‘Burden of Acting White.’” Urban Review 18(3): 176–206.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. ↵
    1. Francis, Dania V.,
    2. Angela C.M. de Oliveira, and
    3. Carey Dimmitt

    . 2019. “Do School Counselors Exhibit Bias in Recommending Students for Advanced Coursework?” B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 19(4): 1–17. DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2018-0189.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. ↵
    1. Fryer, Roland G., and
    2. Paul Torelli

    . 2010. “An Empirical Analysis of ‘Acting White.’” Journal of Public Economics 94(5): 380–96.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. Gershenson, Seth,
    2. Stephen B. Holt, and
    3. Nicholas W. Papageorge

    . 2016. “Who Believes in Me? The Effect of Student–Teacher Demographic Match on Teacher Expectations.” Economics of Education Review 52(June): 209–24.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. Gonzalez, Naihobe

    . 2017. “How Learning About One’s Ability Affects Educational Investments: Evidence from the Advanced Placement Program.” Working paper no. 52. February 27. Oakland, Calif.: Mathematica Policy Research. Accessed October 6, 2020. https://www.mathematica.org/our-publications-and-findings/publications/how-learning-about-ones-ability-affects-educational-investments-evidence-from-the-advanced-placement.
21. ↵
    1. Hale, Janice E

    . 2001. Learning While Black: Creating Educational Excellence for African American Children. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
22. ↵
    1. Harris, Angel

    . 2006. “I (Don’t) Hate School: Revisiting Oppositional Culture Theory of Blacks’ Resistance to Schooling.” Social Forces 85(2): 797–833.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
23. ↵
    1. Kalogrides, Demetra, and
    2. Susanna Loeb

    . 2013. “Different Teachers, Different Peers: The Magnitude of Student Sorting Within Schools.” Educational Researcher 42(6): 304–16.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
24. ↵
    1. Klopfenstein, Kristin

    . 2004. “Advanced Placement: Do Minorities Have Equal Opportunity?” Economics of Education Review 23(2): 115–31.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
25. ↵
    1. Long, Mark C.,
    2. Dylan Conger, and
    3. Patrice Iatarola

    . 2012. “Effects of High School Course-Taking on Secondary and Postsecondary Success.” American Educational Research Journal 49(2): 285–322.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
26. ↵
    1. Noguera, Pedro A

    . 2009. The Trouble with Black Boys: . . . And Other Reflections on Race, Equity, and the Future of Public Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
27. ↵
    1. Oakes, Jeannie

    . 2005. Keeping Track: How Schools Structure Inequality, 2nd ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
28. ↵
    1. Office for Civil Rights

    . 2018. “Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) for the 2015–16 School Year.” Washington: U.S. Department of Education. Accessed September 16, 2020. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/crdc-2015-16.html.
29. ↵
    1. Ogbu, John U

    . 2008. Minority Status, Oppositional Culture and Schooling. New York: Routledge.
30. ↵
    1. Pattillo, Mary

    . 2013. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. ↵
    1. powell, john a.,
    2. Samuel L. Myers Jr.., and
    3. Susan T. Gooden

    . 2021. “Introduction to the Issue.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7(1): 1–17. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2021.7.1.01.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. ↵
    1. Shedd, Carla

    . 2015. Unequal City: Race, Schools, and Perceptions of Injustice. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
33. ↵
    1. Smith, Jonathan,
    2. Michael Hurwitz, and
    3. Christopher Avery

    . 2017. “Giving College Credit Where It Is Due: Advanced Placement Exam Scores and College Outcomes.” Journal of Labor Economics 35(1): 67–147.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Tatum, Beverly Daniel

    . 2003. Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? A Psychologist Explains the Development of Racial Identity. New York: Basic Books.
35. ↵
    1. Tyson, Karolyn

    . 2011. Integration Interrupted: Tracking, Black Students, and Acting White After Brown. New York: Oxford University Press.
36. ↵
    1. Tyson, Karolyn,
    2. William Darity Jr.., and
    3. Domini R. Castellino

    . 2005. “It’s Not ‘A Black Thing’: Understanding the Burden of Acting White and Other Dilemmas of High Achievement.” American Sociological Review 70(4): 582–605.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
37. ↵
    1. West, Kimberly C

    . 1994. “A Desegregation Tool that Backfired: Magnet Schools and Classroom Segregation.” Yale Law Review 103(8): 2567–592.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Wilson, William Julius

    . 2011. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Vintage.
39. ↵
    1. Yonezawa, Susan,
    2. Amy Stuart Wells, and
    3. Irene Serna

    . 2002. “Choosing Tracks: ‘Freedom of Choice’ in Detracking Schools.” American Educational Research Journal 39(1): 37–67.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science