The Affordable Care Act and the Diffusion of Policy Feedback: The Case of Medicaid Work Requirements

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Achen, Christopher, and
   2. Larry Bartels

   . 2016. “Democracy for Realists: Holding up a Mirror to the Electorate.” Juncture 22(4): 269–75.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Ansolabehere, Stephen

   . 2012. Cooperative Congressional Election Study, 2010: Common Content [computer file]. Release 1. February 26. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University [producer]. Accessed January 19, 2020. http://cces.gov.harvard.edu.
3. ↵
   1. Ansolabehere, Stephen, and
   2. Brian F. Schaffner

   . 2015. Cooperative Congressional Election Study, 2014: Common Content [computer file]. Release 1. July 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University [producer]. Accessed January 19, 2020. http://cces.gov.harvard.edu.
4. ↵
   1. Barrilleaux, Charles, and
   2. Carlisle Rainey

   . 2014. “The Politics of Need: Examining Governors’ Decisions to Oppose the ‘Obamacare’ Medicaid Expansion.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 14(4): 437–60.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
5. ↵
   1. Béland, Daniel

   . 2010. “Reconsidering Policy Feedback: How Policies Affect Politics.” Administration & Society 42: 568–90.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
6. ↵
   1. Béland, Daniel,
   2. Philip Rocco, and
   3. Alex Waddan

   . 2016. Obamacare Wars: Federalism, State Politics and the Affordable Care Act. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
7. ↵
   1. Bernick, Ethan M., and
   2. Nathan Myers

   . 2012. “Issue Salience, Party Strength, and the Adoption of Health-Care Expansion Efforts.” Politics & Policy 40(1): 131–59.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Christopher M. Weible and
   2. Paul A. Sabatier

   1. Berry, Frances Stokes, and
   2. William D. Berry

   . 2018. “Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research.” In Theories of the Policy Process, 4th ed., edited by Christopher M. Weible and Paul A. Sabatier. New York: Westview Press.
9. ↵
   1. Boehmke, Frederick J., and
   2. Richard Witmer

   . 2004. “Disentangling Diffusion: The Effects of Social Learning and Economic Competition on State Policy Innovation and Expansion.” Political Research Quarterly 57(1): 39–51.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
10. ↵
    1. Callaghan, Timothy, and
    2. Lawrence R. Jacobs

    . 2016. “Interest Group Conflict over Medicaid Expansion: The Surprising Impact of Public Advocates.” American Journal of Public Health 1062(2): 308–13.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Campbell, Andrea Louise

    . 2003. How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Political Activism and the American Welfare State. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
12. ↵
    1. Campbell, Andrea Louise

    . 2011. “Policy Feedbacks and the Impact of Policy Designs on Public Opinion.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 36(6): 961–73.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
13. ↵
    1. Chattopadhyay, Jacqueline

    . 2017. “Is the ACA’s Dependent Coverage Provision Generating Positive Feedback Effects Among Young Adults?” Poverty & Public Policy 9(1): 42–70.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Clark, Jill

    . 1985. “Policy Diffusion and Program Scope: Research Directions.” Publius 15(1): 61–70.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
15. ↵
    1. Clinton, Joshua D., and
    2. Michael W. Sances

    . 2018. “The Politics of Policy: The Initial Mass Political Effects of Medicaid Expansion in the States.” American Political Science Review 112(1): 167–85.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Cohen, Jeffrey E., and
    2. James D. King

    . 2004. “Relative Unemployment and Gubernatorial Popularity. ”Journal of Politics 66(4): 1267–82.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
17. ↵
    1. Courtemanche, Charles,
    2. James Marton, and
    3. Aaron Yelowitz

    . 2020. “The Full Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Political Participation.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(2): 179–204. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.2.08.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. ↵
    1. Durr, Robert H.,
    2. John B. Gilmour, and
    3. Christina Wolbrecht

    . 1997. “Explaining Congressional Approval.” American Journal of Political Science 41(1): 175–207.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. Norman J. Ornstein

    1. Fenno, Richard F

    . 1975. “If, as Ralph Nader Says, Congress is ‘the Broken Branch,’ How Come We Love Our Congressmen So Much?” In Congress in Change: Evolution and Reform, edited by Norman J. Ornstein. New York: Praeger Press.
20. ↵
    1. Fording, Richard C., and
    2. Dana J. Patton

    . 2019. “Medicaid Expansion and the Political Fate of the Governors Who Support It.” Policy Studies Journal 47(1). DOI: 10.1111/psj.12311.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. ↵
    1. Gilardi, Fabrizio

    . 2010. “Who Learns from What in Policy Diffusion Processes?” American Journal of Political Science 54(3): 650–66.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
22. ↵
    1. Glick, Henry R., and
    2. Scott P. Hays

    . 1991. “Innovation and Reinvention in State Policymaking: Theory and the Evolution of Living Will Laws.” Journal of Politics 53(3): 835–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. ↵
    1. Gore, Leada

    . 2018. “Alabama May Require Some Medicaid Recipients to Work.” AL.com, January 17. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://www.al.com/news/2018/01/alabama_wants_to_require_some.html.
24. ↵
    1. Graham, Erin R.,
    2. Charles R. Shipan, and
    3. Craig Volden

    . 2013. “The Diffusion of Policy Diffusion Research in Political Science.” British Journal of Political Science 43(3): 673–701.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
25. ↵
    1. Gray, Virginia

    . 1973. “Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study.” American Political Science Review 67(4): 1174–85.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
26. ↵
    1. Grogan, Colleen M., and
    2. Sunggeun Ethan Park

    . 2017. “The Racial Divide in State Medicaid Expansions.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 42(3): 539–72.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
27. ↵
    1. Grogan, Colleen M

    . 2018. “Medicaid Retrenchment Politics: Fragmented or Unified?” Journal of Aging & Social Policy 30(3–4): 372–99.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Grogan, Colleen N.,
    2. Phillip M. Singer, and
    3. David K. Jones

    . 2017. “Rhetoric and Reform in Waiver States.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 42(2): 247–84.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
29. ↵
    1. Hacker, Jacob S., and
    2. Paul Pierson

    . 2018. “The Dog That Almost Barked: What the ACA Repeal Fight Says About the Resilience of the American Welfare State.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 43(4): 551–77.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Haselswerdt, Jake

    . 2017. “Expanding Medicaid, Expanding the Electorate: The Affordable Care Act’s Short-Term Impact on Political Participation.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 42(4): 667–95.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
31. ↵
    1. Holyoke, Thomas T.,
    2. Jeffrey R. Henig,
    3. Heath Brown, and
    4. Natalie Lacireno-Paquet

    . 2009. “Policy Dynamics and the Evolution of State Charter School Laws.” Policy Sciences 42(1): 33–55.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
32. ↵
    1. Hopkins, Daniel J., and
    2. Kalind Parish

    . 2018. “The Medicaid Expansion and Attitudes Toward the Affordable Care Act: Testing for a Policy Feedback on Mass Opinion.” 83(1): 123–34.
33. ↵
    1. Jacobs, Lawrence R., and
    2. Timothy Callaghan

    . 2013. “Why States Expand Medicaid: Party, Resources, and History.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 38(5): 1023–50.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
34. ↵
    1. Kaiser Family Foundation

    . 2016. “Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: November 2016.” December 1. Accessed December 19, 2019. https://www.kff.org/health-costs/poll-finding/kaiser-health-tracking-poll-november-2016/.
35. ↵
    1. Kaiser Family Foundation

    . 2019a. “Status of State Action on the Medicaid Expansion.” Accessed December 15, 2019. https://www.kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/state-activity-around-expanding-medicaid-under-the-affordable-care-act.
36. ↵
    1. Kaiser Family Foundation

    . 2019b. “Medicaid Waiver Tracker: Approved and Pending Section 1115 Waivers by State.” Accessed December 19, 2019. https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/medicaid-waiver-tracker-approved-and-pending-section-1115-waivers-by-state/.
37. ↵
    1. Karch, Andrew

    . 2007. Democratic Laboratories: Policy Diffusion Among the American States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
38. ↵
    1. Karch, Andrew, and
    2. Matthew Cravens

    . 2014. “Rapid Diffusion and Policy Reform: The Adoption and Modification of Three Strikes Laws.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 14(4): 461–91.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
39. ↵
    1. Kingdon, John W

    . 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2nd ed. New York: Addison-Wesley.
40. ↵
    1. Kousser, Thad, and
    2. Justin H. Phillips

    , 2012. The Power of American Governors: Winning on Budgets and Losing on Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
41. ↵
    1. Ku, Leighton.,
    2. Erin Brantley,
    3. Erika Steinmetz,
    4. Brian Bruen, and
    5. Drisht Pillai

    . 2018. “Medicaid Work Requirements: Will They Help the Unemployed Gain Jobs or Improve Health?” Issue Brief. Washington, D.C.: Commonwealth Fund.
42. ↵
    1. Lanford, Daniel, and
    2. Jill Quadagno

    . 2016. “Implementing ObamaCare: The Politics of Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act of 2010.” Sociological Perspectives 59(3): 619–39.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
43. ↵
    1. Lerman, Amy E., and
    2. Katherine T. McCabe

    . 2017. “Personal Experience and Public Opinion: A Theory and Test of Conditional Policy Feedback.” Journal of Politics 79(2): 624–41.

    OpenUrl
44. ↵
    1. Lukens, Gideon

    . 2014. “State Variation in Health Care Spending and the Politics of State Medicaid Policy.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 39(6): 1213–51.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
45. ↵
    1. Mayer, Martin,
    2. Robert Kenter, and
    3. John C. Morris

    . 2015. “Partisan Politics or Public-Health Need?: An Empirical Analysis of State Choice During Initial Implementation of the Affordable Care Act.” Politics and Life Sciences 34(2): 44–51.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. McCarthy, Justin

    . 2017. “More in U.S. Say Healthcare is the Most Important Problem.” Gallup, July 14. Accessed February 26, 2020. http://news.gallup.com/poll/214049/say-healthcare-important-problem.aspx
47. ↵
    1. Mettler, Suzanne

    . 2005. Soldiers to Citizens: The GI Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation. New York: Oxford University Press.
48. ↵
    1. Oberlander, Jonathan, and
    2. R. Kent Weaver

    . 2015. “Unraveling from Within? The Affordable Care Act and Self-Undermining Policy Feedbacks.” The Forum 13(1): 37–62.

    OpenUrl
49. ↵
    1. Pacheco, Julianna,
    2. Jake Haselswerdt, and
    3. Jamila Michener

    . 2020. “The Affordable Care Act and Polarization in the United States.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(2): 114–30. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.2.06.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. ↵
    1. Patashnik, Eric M., and
    2. Julian E. Zelizer

    . 2013. “The Struggle to Remake Politics: Liberal Reform and the Limits of Policy Feedback in the Contemporary American State.” Perspectives on Politics 11(4): 1071–87.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
51. ↵
    1. Pew Research Center

    . 2018. “3. Wide Partisan Differences on Importance of Many Issues.” September 26. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.people-press.org/2018/09/26/wide-partisan-differences-on-importance-of-many-issues/.
52. ↵
    1. Pierson, Paul

    . 1994. Dismantling the Welfare State?: Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
53. ↵
    1. Plein, Christopher L

    . 2014. “An Uncertain Federalism: The States and the Affordable Care Act.” Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 37(3): 350–77.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Quinn, Mattie

    . 2018. “Work Requirements May Be Just the Beginning of Medicaid Changes Under Trump.” Governing, January 12. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/gov-medicaid-work-trump-drug-testing-kentucky.html.
55. ↵
    1. Rogers, Everett M

    . 1995. Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. New York: Free Press.
56. ↵
    1. Schwartz, David

    . 2013. “Arizona Governor Jan Brewer Signs Medicaid Expansion.” Reuters, June 17. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-arizona-medicaid/arizona-governor-jan-brewer-signs-medicaid-expansion-idUSBRE95G12N20130617.
57. ↵
    1. Seljan, Ellen C., and
    2. Nicholas Weller

    . 2011. “Diffusion in Direct Democracy: The Effect of Political Information on Proposals for Tax and Expenditure Limits in the US States.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 11(3): 348–68.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
58. ↵
    1. Shipan, Charles R., and
    2. Craig Volden

    . 2008. “The Mechanisms of Policy Diffusion.” American Journal of Political Science 52(4): 840–57.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
59. ↵
    1. Skocpol, Theda

    . 1992. “State Formation and Social Policy in the United States.” American Behavioral Scientist 35(4–5): 559–84.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
60. ↵
    1. Soss, Joe,
    2. Richard C. Fording, and
    3. Sanford F. Schram

    . 2011. Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
61. ↵
    1. Taber, Charles S., and
    2. Milton Lodge

    . 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 50(3): 755–69.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
62. ↵
    1. Tesler, Michael

    . 2012. “The Spillover of Racialization into Health Care: How President Obama Polarized Public Opinion by Racial Attitudes and Race.” American Journal of Political Science 56(3): 690–704.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
63. ↵
    1. Walker, Jack L

    . 1969. “The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States.” American Political Science Review 63(3): 880–99.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
64. ↵
    1. Wheaton, Sara

    . 2015. “GOP Warms to Obamacare—If Americans Work for It.” Politico, April 30. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://www.politico.com/story/2015/04/obamacare-republicans-work-requirements-117486.