Stalled Progress? Five Decades of Black-White and Rural-Urban Income Gaps

Bradley L. Hardy; Shria Holla; Elizabeth S. Krause; James P. Ziliak

doi:10.7758/RSF.2025.11.2.06

Article Information

vol. 11 no. 2 115-136

DOI

https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2025.11.2.06

Published By

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Print ISSN

2377-8253

Online ISSN

2377-8261

History

Published online January 1, 2025.

© 2025 Russell Sage Foundation. Hardy, Bradley L., Shria Holla, Elizabeth S. Krause, and James P. Ziliak. 2025. “Stalled Progress? Five Decades of Black-White and Rural-Urban Income Gaps.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 11(2): 115–36. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2025.11.2.06. Hardy, Krause, and Ziliak are grateful for the financial support from National Science Foundation (Award No. 2214640). We appreciate the helpful comments on earlier versions from workshop participants at Duke University, Georgetown University, the Paris School of Economics, the Russell Sage Foundation, and the University of Kentucky. The opinions and conclusions expressed here are solely those of the authors and do not reflect the opinions of any sponsoring agency. Direct correspondence to: Bradley Hardy, at bradley.hardy@georgetown.edu, 125 E St. NW, Washington, DC 20001 United States. Open Access Policy: RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences is an open access journal. This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

Author Information

Bradley L. Hardy^a,
Shria Holla^b,
Elizabeth S. Krause^c and
James P. Ziliak^d

^aProfessor of public policy at Georgetown University, United States
^bEconomist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, United States
^cDoctoral student in the economics department at the University of Kentucky, United States
^dProfessor and Carol Martin Gatton Endowed Chair in the economics department at the University of Kentucky, United States