Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A Theoretical Model of Micro and Macro Financial Double Dealing (FDD)
Source: Authors’ theoretical conceptualization.
Note: Dollar signs are not to scale of federal, state, or local fiscal apportionment, as well as individual payment amounts; instead, these dollar signs represent the disproportionate flow of financial revenue from governments to individuals to institutions (micro FDD), and the financial dynamics inherent in the collection and redistribution of monetary sanctions, inter- and intra-institutionally (macro FDD), given state statutes that govern the dispersal of collected LFOs to other agencies and institutions.
- Figure 2.
Log-Odds of Having Any Public Assistance Associated with Criminal Justice Debt
Source: Authors’ tabulation based on 2019 SHED data (Federal Reserve 2020).
Note: Non-Hispanic Whites, married, less than a high school education, household income below $20,000, and New England region are the reference categories. All models include state fixed effects, and standard errors are clustered on state. For full-model estimates, see online appendices 1 and 2. N = 12,014.
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05
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