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Research Article
Open Access

The Opt-Out Continuation: Education, Work, and Motherhood from 1984 to 2012

Tanya Byker
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences August 2016, 2 (4) 34-70; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2016.2.4.02
Tanya Byker
aAssistant professor of economics at Middlebury College
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Labor-Force Participation of Women, All Education Groups

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    Figure 2.

    Labor-Force Participation of Women, Less than Bachelor's

  • Figure 3.
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    Figure 3.

    Labor-Force Participation of Women, at Least Bachelor's

  • Figure 4.
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    Figure 4.

    Labor-Force Participation, with and Without Infant Children, Whites

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    Figure 5.

    Labor-Force Participation, with and Without Infant Children, Blacks

  • Figure 6.
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    Figure 6.

    Labor-Force Participation, with and Without Infant Children, Hispanics

  • Figure 7.
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    Figure 7.

    Labor-Force Participation, All Mothers

  • Figure 8.
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    Figure 8.

    Labor-Force Participation, Less than Bachelor's

  • Figure 9.
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    Figure 9.

    Labor-Force Participation, Bachelor's Only

  • Figure 10.
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    Figure 10.

    Labor-Force Participation, Master's Degree Plus

  • Figure 11.
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    Figure 11.

    Changes in Labor-Force Participation, All, First Births

  • Figure 12.
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    Figure 12.

    Changes in Labor-Force Participation, All, Subsequent Births

  • Figure 13.
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    Figure 13.

    Changes in Labor-Force Participation, Less than Bachelor's, First Births

  • Figure 14.
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    Figure 14.

    Changes in Labor-Force Participation, Less than Bachelor's, Subsequent Births

  • Figure 15.
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    Figure 15.

    Changes in Labor-Force Participation, at Least Bachelor's, First Births

  • Figure 16.
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    Figure 16.

    Changes in Labor-Force Participation, at Least Bachelor's, Subsequent Births

  • Figure 17.
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    Figure 17.

    Changes in Labor-Force Participation, Master's Plus, First Births

  • Figure 18.
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    Figure 18.

    Changes in Labor-Force Participation, Master's Plus, Subsequent Births

  • Figure 19.
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    Figure 19.

    Part-Time Work, All, First Births

  • Figure 20.
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    Figure 20.

    Part-Time Work, Less than Bachelor's, First Births

  • Figure 21.
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    Figure 21.

    Part-Time Work, at Least Bachelor's, First Births

  • Figure 22.
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    Figure 22.

    Part-Time Work, Master's Plus, First Births

  • Figure 23.
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    Figure 23.

    Opting Out in the 2000s, Blacks, Less than Bachelor's

  • Figure 24.
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    Figure 24.

    Opting Out in the 2000s, Blacks, at Least Bachelor's

  • Figure 25.
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    Figure 25.

    Opting Out in the 2000s, Hispanic, Less than Bachelor's

  • Figure 26.
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    Figure 26.

    Opting Out in the 2000s, Hispanics, at Least Bachelor's

  • Figure 27.
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    Figure 27.

    Fathers’ and Mothers’ Labor-Force Participation, Less than Bachelor's, First Births

  • Figure 28.
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    Figure 28.

    Fathers’ and Mothers’ Labor-Force Participation, Less than Bachelor's, Subsequent Births

  • Figure 29.
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    Figure 29.

    Fathers’ and Mothers’ Labor Force Participation, at Least Bachelor's, First Births

  • Figure 30.
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    Figure 30.

    Fathers’ and Mothers’ Labor-Force Participation, at Least Bachelor's, Subsequent Births

  • Figure A1.
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    Figure A1.

    2004 and 2008 SIPP Panels: Maximum Event Study Window, First Births

  • Figure A2.
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    Figure A2.

    2004 and 2008 SIPP Panels: Maximum Event Study Window, Subsequent Births

  • Figure A3.
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    Figure A3.

    School Enrollment Around Birth, Less than Bachelor's, Full Time

  • Figure A4.
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    Figure A4.

    School Enrollment Around Birth, Less than Bachelor's, Enrolled

  • Figure A5.
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    Figure A5.

    School Enrollment Around Birth, at Least Bachelor's, Full Time

  • Figure A6.
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    Figure A6.

    School Enrollment Around Birth, at Least Bachelor's, Enrolled

  • Figure A7.
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    Figure A7.

    Husbands and Wives Participation, Less than Bachelor's, First Births

  • Figure A8.
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    Figure A8.

    Husbands and Wives Participation, Less than Bachelor's, Subsequent Births

  • Figure A9.
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    Figure A9.

    Husbands and Wives Participation, at Least Bachelor's, First Births

  • Figure A10.
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    Figure A10.

    Husbands and Wives Participation, at Least Bachelor's, Subsequent Births

Tables

  • Figures
  • Table 1.
  • Table 2.
  • Table 3.
  • Table A1.
  • Table A2.
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RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: 2 (4)
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Vol. 2, Issue 4
1 Aug 2016
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The Opt-Out Continuation: Education, Work, and Motherhood from 1984 to 2012
Tanya Byker
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Aug 2016, 2 (4) 34-70; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2016.2.4.02

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The Opt-Out Continuation: Education, Work, and Motherhood from 1984 to 2012
Tanya Byker
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Aug 2016, 2 (4) 34-70; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2016.2.4.02
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • A DYNAMIC MEASURE ADDRESSES OPEN QUESTIONS ABOUT OPTING OUT
    • EVENT STUDY METHODOLOGY TO MEASURE OPTING OUT IN LONGITUDINAL DATA, 1984–2012
    • RESULTS: THE OPT-OUT CONTINUATION
    • CONCLUSION
    • Acknowledgments
    • APPENDIX
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
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  • References
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Keywords

  • opting out
  • maternal labor supply
  • labor-force participation
  • gender gap

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