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- Published online May 1, 2016.
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Copyright © 2016 by Russell Sage Foundation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Reproduction by the United States Government in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the positions of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston or the Federal Reserve System. The authors thank Suzanne Lorent and two anonymous reviewers for very helpful comments and Stephanie Bonds and Sam Richardson for expert research assistance. Direct correspondence to: Katharine Bradbury at katharine.bradbury@bos.frb.org, Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 600 Atlantic Ave., Boston, MA 02210; and Robert K. Triest at robert.triest@bos.frb.org, Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 600 Atlantic Ave., Boston, MA 02210. Open Access Policy: RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences is an open access journal. This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.