Punishing Immigrants: The Consequences of Monetary Sanctions in the Crimmigration System

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Aranda, Elizabeth,
   2. Cecilia Menjívar, and
   3. Katharine M. Donato

   . 2014. “The Spillover Consequences of an Enforcement-First U.S. Immigration Regime.” American Behavioral Scientist 58(13): 1687–95.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
2. ↵
   1. Aranda, Elizabeth, and
   2. Elizabeth Vaquera

   . 2015. “Racism, the Immigration Enforcement Regime, and the Implications for Racial Inequality in the Lives of Undocumented Young Adults.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1(1): 88–104.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
3. ↵
   1. Armenta, Amanda

   . 2017. “Racializing Crimmigration: Structural Racism, Colorblindness, and the Institutional Production of Immigrant Criminality.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3(1): 82–95.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Asad, Asad L.

   2020. “On the Radar: System Embeddedness and Latin American Immigrants’ Perceived Risk of Deportation.” Law & Society Review 54(1): 133–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12460.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Bannon, Alicia,
   2. Rebekah Diller, and
   3. Mitali Nagrecha

   . 2010. “Criminal Justice Debt: A Barrier to Reentry.” New York: Brennan Center for Justice.
6. ↵
   1. Beckett, Katherine, and
   2. Heather Evans

   . 2015. “Crimmigration at the Local Level: Criminal Justice Processes in the Shadow of Deportation.” Law & Society Review 49(1): 241–77.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
7. ↵
   1. Beckett, Katherine, and
   2. Alexes Harris

   . 2011. “On Cash and Conviction: Monetary Sanctions as Misguided Policy.” Criminology and Public Policy 10(3): 505–7.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
8. ↵
   1. Beckett, Katherine, and
   2. Bruce Western

   . 2001. “Governing Social Marginality.” Punishment and Society 3(1): 43–59.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
9. ↵
   1. Boches, Daniel J.,
   2. Brittany T. Martin,
   3. Andrea Giuffre,
   4. Amairini Sanchez,
   5. Aubrianne L. Sutherland, and
   6. Sarah K.S. Shannon

   . 2022. “Monetary Sanctions and Symbiotic Harms.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(2): 98–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.2.05.

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Bosworth, Mary

    . 2008. “Border Control and the Limits of the Sovereign State.” Social & Legal Studies 17(2): 199–215.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
11. ↵
    1. Bosworth, Mary,
    2. Katja Franko, and
    3. Sharon Pickering

    . 2018. “Punishment, Globalization and Migration Control: ‘Get Them the Hell Out of Here.’ ” Punishment & Society 20(1): 34–53.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Bosworth, Mary, and
    2. Mhairi Guild

    . 2008. “Governing Through Migration Control: Security and Citizenship in Britain.” British Journal of Criminology 48(6): 703–19.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
13. ↵
    1. Bosworth, Mary, and
    2. Emma Kaufman

    . 2011. “Foreigners in a Carceral Age: Immigration and Imprisonment in the U.S.” Stanford Law and Policy Review 22(1): 101–27.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Budiman, Abby

    . 2020. “Key Findings About U.S. Immigrants.” FactTank (Pew Research Center blog), August 20, 2020. Accessed August 12, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/20/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants.
15. ↵
    1. Cadigan, Michele, and
    2. Gabriela Kirk

    . 2020. “On Thin Ice: Bureaucratic Processes of Monetary Sanctions and Job Insecurity.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 113–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.05.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. ↵
    1. Chacón, Jennifer M.

    2007. “Unsecured Borders: Immigration Restrictions, Crime Control and National Security.” Connecticut Law Review 5(39): 1827–91.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Chacón, Jennifer M.

    2012. “Overcriminalizing Immigration.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102(3): 613–52.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Chacón, Jennifer M.

    2015. “Producing Liminal Legality.” Denver University Law Review 92(4): 709–67.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Coleman, Mathew, and
    2. Austin Kocher

    . 2011. “Detention, Deportation, Devolution and Immigrant Incapacitation in the US, Post 9/11.” Geographical Journal 177(3): 228–37.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. De Genova, Nicholas P.

    2004. “The Legal Production of Mexican/Migrant ‘Illegality.’” Latino Studies 2(2): 160–85.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. ↵
    1. De Giorgi, Alessandro

    . 2010. “Immigration Control, Post-Fordism, and Less Eligibility: A Materialist Critique of the Criminalization of Immigration Across Europe.” Punishment & Society 12(2): 147–67.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. ↵
    1. Donato, Katharine, and
    2. Amada Armenta

    . 2011. “What We Know About Unauthorized Migration.” Annual Review of Sociology 37(1): 529–43.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
23. ↵
    1. Douglas, Karen M., and
    2. Rogelio Sáenz

    . 2013. “The Criminalization of Immigrants and the Immigration-Industrial Complex.” Dædalus: The Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences 142(3): 199–227.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Eagly, Ingrid

    . 2010. “Prosecuting Immigration.” Northwestern University Law Review 104(4): 1281–360.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Fernandes, April,
    2. Brittany Friedman, and
    3. Gabriela Kirk

    . 2022. “The ‘Damaged’ State vs. the ‘Willful’ Nonpayer: Pay-to-Stay and the Social Construction of Damage, Harm, and Moral Responsibility in a Rent-Seeking Society.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(1): 82–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.04.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Finley, Laura, and
    2. Luigi Esposito

    . 2020. “The Immigrant as Bogeyman: Examining Donald Trump and the Right’s Anti-Immigrant, Anti-PC Rhetoric.” Humanity & Society 44(2): 178–97.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Friedman, Brittany, and
    2. Mary Pattillo

    . 2019. “Statutory Inequality: The Logics of Monetary Sanctions in State Law.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5(1): 174–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2019.5.1.08.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. García Hernández,
    2. César C

    . 2013. “Creating Crimmigration.” Brigham Young University Law Review 2013(6): 1457–516.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Golash-Boza, Tanya

    . 2009. “The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail.” Sociology Compass 3(2): 295–309.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
30. ↵
    1. Golash-Boza, Tanya

    . 2016. “The Parallels Between Mass Incarceration and Mass Deportation: An Intersectional Analysis of State Repression.” Journal of World-Systems Research 22(2): 484–509.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    1. Golash-Boza, Tanya, and
    2. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo

    . 2013. “Latino Immigrant Men and the Deportation Crisis: A Gendered Racial Removal Program.” Latino Studies 11(3): 271–92.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. ↵
    1. Gramlich, John

    . 2020. “Far More Immigration Cases Are Being Prosecuted Criminally Under Trump Administration.” FactTank (Pew Research blog), September 27. Accessed August 12, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/27/far-more-immigration-cases-are-being-prosecuted-criminally-under-trump-administration.
33. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes

    . 2016. A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
34. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes

    . 2020. “Framing the System of Monetary Sanctions as Predatory: Policies, Practices, and Motivations.” UCLA Criminal Justice Law Review 4(1): 1–8.

    OpenUrl
35. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes,
    2. Heather Evans, and
    3. Katherine Beckett

    . 2011. “Courtesy Stigma and Monetary Sanctions: Towards a Socio-Cultural Theory of Punishment.” American Sociological Review 76(2): 234–64.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
36. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes,
    2. Mary Pattillo, and
    3. Bryan L. Sykes

    . 2022. “Studying the System of Monetary Sanctions.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(1): 1–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.01.

    OpenUrl
37. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes,
    2. Tyler Smith, and
    3. Emmi Obara

    . 2019. “Justice ‘Cost Points’: Examination of Privatization Within Public Systems of Justice.” Criminology and Public Policy 18(2): 343–59.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Huebner, Beth M., and
    2. Andrea Giuffre

    . 2022. “Reinforcing the Web of Municipal Courts: Evidence and Implications Post-Ferguson.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(1): 108–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.05.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Kanstroom, Daniel

    . 2007. Deportation Nation: Outsiders in American History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
40. ↵
    1. Kirk, Gabriela,
    2. Kristina J. Thompson,
    3. Beth M. Huebner,
    4. Christopher Uggen, and
    5. Sarah K.S. Shannon

    . 2022. “Justice by Geography: The Role of Monetary Sanctions Across Communities.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(1): 200–222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.09.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Light, Michael T.,
    2. Michael Massoglia, and
    3. Ryan D. King

    . 2014. “Citizenship and Punishment.” American Sociological Review 79(5): 825–47.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
42. ↵
    1. Menjívar, Cecilia, and
    2. Leisy J. Abrego

    . 2012. “Legal Violence: Immigration Law and the Lives of Central American Immigrants.” American Journal of Sociology 117(5): 1380–421.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Migration Policy Institute (MPI)

    . 2021. “U.S. Immigrant Population and Share over Time, 1850-Present.” Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Accessed August 12, 2021. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-population-over-time.
44. ↵
    1. Moinester, Margot

    . 2019. “A Look to the Interior: Trends in U.S. Immigration Removals by Criminal Conviction Type, Gender, and Region of Origin, Fiscal Years 2003–2015.” American Behavioral Scientist 63(9): 1276–98.

    OpenUrl
45. ↵
    1. Ousey, Graham, and
    2. Charis Kubrin

    . 2018. “Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Contentious Issue.” Annual Review of Criminology 1(1): 63–84.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. Page, Joshua, and
    2. Joe Soss

    . 2017. “Criminal Justice Predation and Neoliberal Governance.” In Rethinking Neoliberalism: Resisting the Disciplinary Regime, edited by Sanford Schram and Marianna Pavlovskaya. New York: Routledge.
47. ↵
    1. Pattillo, Mary, and
    2. Gabriela Kirk

    . 2021. “Layaway Freedom: Coercive Financialization in the Criminal Legal System.” American Journal of Sociology 126(4): 889–930.

    OpenUrl
48. ↵
    1. Pettit, Becky

    . 2012. Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
49. ↵
    1. Portes, Alejandro, and
    2. Rubén G. Rumbaut

    . 2014. Immigrant America: A Portrait, Updated, and Expanded. Oakland: University of California Press.
50. ↵
    1. Richards, Lyn

    . 2015. Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide. London: Sage Publications.
51. ↵
    1. Romero, Mary

    . 2006. “Racial Profiling and Immigration Law Enforcement: Rounding Up of Usual Suspects in the Latino Community.” Critical Sociology 32(2–3): 447–73.

    OpenUrl
52. ↵
    1. Rusche, Georg, and
    2. Otto Kirchheimer

    . (1939) 1968. Punishment and Social Structure. Facsimilie edition. New York: Russell and Russell.
53. ↵
    1. Smith, Tyler,
    2. Kristina J. Thompson, and
    3. Michele Cadigan

    . 2022. “Sensemaking in the Legal System: A Comparative Case Study of Changes to the System of Monetary Sanctions.” RSF: Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(2): 63–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.2.03.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Stewart, Robert,
    2. Brieanna Watters,
    3. Veronica Horowitz,
    4. Ryan P. Larson, and
    5. Christopher Uggen

    . 2022. “Native Americans and Monetary Sanctions.” RSF: Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(2): 137–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.2.07.

    OpenUrl
55. ↵
    1. Stuesse, Angela, and
    2. Mathew Coleman

    . 2014. “Automobility, Immobility, Altermobility: Surviving and Resisting the Intensification of Immigrant Policing.” City & Society 26(1): 51–72.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
56. ↵
    1. Stumpf, Juliet

    . 2006. “The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime, and Sovereign Power.” American University Law Review 56(2): 367–420.

    OpenUrl
57. ↵
    1. Turnbull, Sarah, and
    2. Ines Hasselberg

    . 2017. “From Prison to Detention: The Carceral Trajectories of Foreign-National Prisoners in the United Kingdom.” Punishment & Society 19(2): 135–54.

    OpenUrl
58. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

    . 2019. 2018 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics.
59. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

    . 2020. “Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status: Fiscal Years 1820 to 2019.” In 2019 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics. Accessed August 12, 2021. https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2019/table1.
60. ↵
    1. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

    . 2017. “Fiscal Year 2016 ICE Enforcement and Removal Operations Report.” Washington: U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Accessed August 12, 2021. https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report/2016/removal-stats-2016.pdf.
61. ↵
    1. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

    . 2018. “Fiscal Year 2017 ICE Enforcement and Removal Operations Report.” Washington: Department of Homeland Security. Accessed August 12, 2021. https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report/2017/iceEndOfYearFY2017.pdf.
62. ↵
    1. Vazquez, Yolanda

    . 2015. “Constructing Crimmigration: Latino Subordination in a ‘Post-Racial’ World.” Immigration and Nationality Law Review 76(3): 713–72.

    OpenUrl
63. ↵
    1. Weber, Leanne, and
    2. Jude McCulloch

    . 2019. “Penal Power and Border Control: Which Thesis? Sovereignty, Governmentality, or the Pre-Emptive State?” Punishment & Society 21(4): 496–514.

    OpenUrl
64. ↵
    1. Western, Bruce

    . 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
65. ↵
    1. Western, Bruce, and
    2. Katherine Beckett

    . 1999. “How Unregulated is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution.” American Journal of Sociology 104(4): 1030–60.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
66. ↵
    1. Western, Bruce, and
    2. Becky Pettit

    . 2005. “Black-White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration.” American Journal of Sociology 111(2): 553–78.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
67. ↵
    1. Zatz, Marjorie, and
    2. Hilary Smith

    . 2012. “Immigration, Crime, and Victimization: Rhetoric and Reality.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8(1): 141–59.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
68. ↵
    1. Zedner, Lucia

    . 2010. “Security, the State, and the Citizen: The Changing Architecture of Crime Control.” New Criminal Law Review 13(2): 379–402.

    OpenUrlCrossRef