Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Photograph 1.
Nineteenth-Century Steam Engine
Source: Adam Burns, American-Rails.com.
- Photograph 2.
Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback
Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-cwpbh-03857.
Caption: P.B.S. Pinchback, first black governor of Louisiana and leader of Creole plaintiffs in Plessy v. Ferguson. Pinchback was a quadroon (three-quarters white), son of a mulatto mother and a white father. This picture is often erroneously used to depict Homer Plessy. Historians disagree about the authenticity of other alleged photographs of Homer Plessy.
- Photograph 3.
Ruby Bridges on School Steps with Federal Marshals, November 14, 1960
Source: U.S. Department of Justice.
Caption: Ruby Bridges being escorted by federal marshals to the all-white William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana on November 14, 1960.
- Figure 1.
Weighted Segregation Measures, 1890–2000
Source: Produced by the authors based on original data from Glaeser and Vigdor 2001.
- Figure 2.
Segregation Indices Versus Income Ratios, 1880–2019
Sources: Authors’ calculations based on Glaeser and Vigdor 2001; Ng and Virts 1989; U.S. Census Bureau 1975.
Notes: Weighted value of segregation indices (Glaeser and Vigdor 2001); income ratios for 1880 (Ng and Virts 1989); income ratios for 1940 (U.S. Census Bureau 1975, Series G 353-371, Median Money Wage or Salary Income of Primary Families and Unrelated Individuals with Wage or Salary Income, by Selected Characteristics: 1939 to 1970); income ratios for 1950 and 1960 (U.S. Census Bureau 1975, Series G 189-204, Median Money Income of Families and Unrelated Individuals in Current and Constant (1967) Dollars, by Race of Head, 1947 to 1970). Income ratios for all other years, from U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
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