Gender Differences in the Early Career Outcomes of College Graduates: The Influence of Sex-Type of Degree Field Across Four Cohorts

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Bergmann, Barbara R

   . 1974. “Occupational Segregation, Wages and Profits When Employers Discriminate by Race or Sex.” Eastern Economic Journal 1(2): 103–10.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Blau, Francine D.,
   2. Peter Brummund, , and
   3. Albert Yung-Hsu Liu

   . 2013. “Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational Coding System.” Demography 50(2): 471–92.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Bobbitt-Zeher, Donna

   . 2007. “The Gender Income Gap and the Role of Education.” Sociology of Education 80(1): 1–22.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. ↵
   1. Brown, Charles, and
   2. Mary Corcoran

   . 1997. “Sex-Based Differences in School Content and the Male-Female Wage Gap.” Journal of Labor Economics 15(3): 431–65.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
5. ↵
   Carnevale, Anthony P., Jeff Strohl, and Michelle Melton. 2011. “What's It Worth? The Economic Value of College Majors.” Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.
6. ↵
   1. Charles, Maria, and
   2. Karen Bradley

   . 2002. “Equal but Separate? A Cross-National Study of Sex Segregation in Higher Education.” American Sociological Review 67(4): 573–99.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
7. ↵
   1. Charles, Maria, and
   2. Karen Bradley

   . 2009. “Indulging Our Gendered Selves? Sex Segregation by Field of Study in 44 Countries.” American Journal of Sociology 114(4): 924–76.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
8. ↵
   Charles, Maria, and David Grusky. 2004. Occupational Ghettos: The Worldwide Segregation of Women and Men. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
9. ↵
   DiPrete, Thomas A., and Claudia Buchmann. 2013. The Rise of Women: The Growing Gender Gap in Education and What It Means for American Schools. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
10. ↵
    Eagly, Alice H., and Linda L. Carli. 2007. Through the Labyrinth: The Truth About How Women Become Leaders. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
11. ↵
    England, Paula. 1992. Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
12. ↵
    England, Paula. 2006. “Toward Gender Equality: Progress and Bottlenecks.” In The Declining Significance of Gender? edited by Francine D. Blau, Mary C. Brinton, and David B. Grusky. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
13. ↵
    1. England, Paula,
    2. Paul Allison, , and
    3. Yuxiao Wu

    . 2007. “Does Bad Pay Cause Occupations to Feminize, Does Feminization Reduce Pay, and How Can We Tell with Longitudinal Data?” Social Science Research 36: 1237–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. ↵
    1. England, Paula, and
    2. Su Li

    . 2006. “Desegregation Stalled: The Changing Gender Composition of College Majors, 1971–2002.” Gender & Society 20: 657–677.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
15. ↵
    Goldin, Claudia. 1990. Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. ↵
    1. Goldin, Claudia

    . 2006. “The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 96: 1–21.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. ↵
    1. Goldin, Claudia,
    2. Lawrence Katz, , and
    3. Ilyana Kuziemko

    . 2006. “The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(4): 133–56.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Grogger, Jeff, and
    2. Eric Eide

    . 1995. “Changes in College Skills and the Rise in the College Wage Premium.” Journal of Human Resources 30(2): 280–310.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. Heijke, Hans,
    2. Christoph Meng, , and
    3. Ger Ramaekers

    . 2003. “An Investigation into the Role of Human Capital Competences and Their Pay-Off.” International Journal of Manpower 24(7): 750–73.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. Jacobs, Jerry A

    . 1995. “Gender and Academic Specialties: Trends Among Recipients of College Degrees in the 1980s.” Sociology of Education 68(2): 81–98.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
21. ↵
    1. Jacobs, Jerry A

    . 2003. “Detours on the Road to Equality: Women, Work and Higher Education.” Contexts 2(1): 32–41.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
22. ↵
    1. Joy, Lois

    . 2003. “Salaries of Recent Male and Female College Graduates: Educational and Labor Market Effects.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56(4): 606–21.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
23. ↵
    1. Joy, Lois

    . 2006. “Occupational Differences Between Recent Male and Female College Graduates.” Economics of Education Review 25(2): 221–31.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    Kanter, Rosabeth M. 1977a. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
25. ↵
    1. Kanter, Rosabeth M

    . 1977b. “Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women.” American Journal of Sociology 82(5): 965–90.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
26. ↵
    1. Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia,
    2. Carroll J. Glynn, , and
    3. Michael Huge

    . 2013. “The Matilda Effect in Science Communication: An Experiment on Gender Bias in Publication Quality Perceptions and Collaboration Interest.” Science Communication 35(5): 603–25.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
27. ↵
    Koput, Kenneth W., and Barbara A. Gutek. 2010. Gender Stratification in the IT Industry: Sex, Status and Social Capital. Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar.
28. ↵
    1. Levanon, Asaf,
    2. Paula England, , and
    3. Paul Allison

    . 2009. “Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950–2000 U.S. Census Data.” Social Forces 88(2): 865–91.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
29. ↵
    1. Logel, Christine,
    2. Gregory M. Walton, ,
    3. Steven J. Spencer, ,
    4. Emma C. Iserman, ,
    5. William von Hippel, , and
    6. Amy E. Bell

    . 2009. “Interacting with Sexist Men Triggers Social Identity Threat Among Female Engineers.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(6): 1089–103.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
30. ↵
    1. Loury, Linda Datcher

    . 1997. “The Gender Earnings Gap Among College-Educated Workers.” Industrial & Labor Relations Review 50(4): 580–93.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
31. ↵
    1. Morgan, Laurie A

    . 2008. “Major Matters: A Comparison of the Within-Major Gender Pay Gap Across College Majors for Early-Career Graduates.” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 47(4): 625–50.

    OpenUrl
32. ↵
    1. Moss-Racusin, Corinne A.,
    2. John F. Dovidio, ,
    3. Victoria L. Brescoll, ,
    4. Mark J. Graham, , and
    5. Jo Handelsman

    . 2012. “Science Faculty's Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(41): 16474–79.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
33. ↵
    National Center for Education Statistics. 1994. NLS-72 National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. NCES Publication No. 1994487REV.
34. ↵
    National Center for Education Statistics. 2003. Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B:2000/01). {Restricted use data files}.
35. ↵
    National Center for Education Statistics. 2004. Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B:93/2003). {Restricted use data files}.
36. ↵
    National Center for Education Statistics. 2012. 2008-09 Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: Restricted-Use First Follow-up Data Files and File Documentation. NCES Publication No. 2012245.
37. ↵
    Reskin, Barbara F., and Paula Roos. 1990. Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.
38. ↵
    1. Reuben, Ernesto,
    2. Paola Sapienza, , and
    3. Luigi Zingales

    . 2014. “How Stereotypes Impair Women's Careers in Science.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(12): 4403–8.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
39. ↵
    1. Ridgeway, Cecilia L

    . 2014. “Why Status Matters for Inequality.” American Sociological Review 79(1): 1–16.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
40. ↵
    1. Robst, John

    . 2007. “Education and Job Match: The Relatedness of College Major and Work.” Economics of Education Review 26(4): 397–407.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
41. ↵
    1. Rogers, Stacy J., and
    2. Elizabeth G. Menaghan

    . 1991. “Women's Persistence in Undergraduate Majors: The Effects of Gender-Disproportionate Representation.” Gender and Society 5(4): 549–64.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
42. ↵
    1. Roksa, Josipa, and
    2. Tania Levey

    . 2010. “What Can You Do with That Degree? College Major and Occupational Status of College Graduates over Time.” Social Forces 89(2): 389–415.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
43. ↵
    1. Shauman, Kimberlee A

    . 2006. “Occupational Sex Segregation and the Earnings of Occupations: What Causes the Link Among College-Educated Workers?” Social Science Research 35(3): 577–619.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
44. ↵
    1. Shauman, Kimberlee A

    . 2009. “Are There Sex Differences in the Utilization of Educational Capital Among College-Educated Workers?” Social Science Research 38(3): 535–71.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
45. ↵
    1. Sheltzer, Jason M., and
    2. Joan C. Smith

    . 2014. “Elite Male Faculty in the Life Sciences Employ Fewer Women.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(28): 10107–12.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
46. ↵
    1. Sorensen, Elaine

    . 1990. “The Crowding Hypothesis and Comparable Worth.” Journal of Human Resources 25(1): 55–89.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
47. ↵
    1. Steele, Jennifer,
    2. Jacquelyn B. James, , and
    3. Rosalind Chait Barnett

    . 2002. “Learning in a Man's World: Examining the Perceptions of Undergraduate Women in Male-Dominated Academic Areas.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 26(1): 46–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
48. ↵
    1. Williams, Christine L

    . 1992. “The Glass Escalator: Hidden Advantages for Men in the ‘Female’ Professions.” Social Problems 39(3): 253–67.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
49. ↵
    Xie, Yu, and Alexandra A. Killewald. 2012. Is American Science in Decline? Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.