Research ArticleII. Limitations and Proposals for Change
Open Access
Charting the Relationship of English Learners and the ESEA: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
Patricia Gándara
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences December 2015, 1 (3) 112-128; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.3.06
Patricia Gándara
aCo-director of the Civil Rights Project at the University of California, Los Angeles

REFERENCES
- ↵
- ↵
- Abedi, Jamal, and
- Patricia Gándara
- ↵August, Diane, Claude Goldenberg, and Robert Rueda. 2010. “Restrictive State Language Policies: Are They Scientifically Based?” In Forbidden Language: English Learners and Restrictive Language Policies, edited by Patricia Gándara and Megan Hopkins. New York: Teachers College Press.
- ↵August, Diane and Kenji Hakuta. 1998. Educating Language Minority Children. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
- ↵Baker, Keith, and Adriana De Kanter. 1981. “The Effectiveness of Bilingual Education. A Review. Final Draft Report.” Washington: U.S. Department of Education. Available at: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED215010.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵Bialystok, Ellen. 2001. Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵Boyle, Andrea, James Taylor, Steven Hurlburt, and Kay Soga. 2010. “Title III Accountability: Behind the Numbers.” Palo Alto, Calif.: American Institutes for Research. Available at: http://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/title-iii/behind-numbers.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵
- Bryant, Michael J.,
- Kimberly A. Hammond, ,
- Kathleen M. Bocian, ,
- Michael F. Rettig, ,
- Cathy A. Miller, , and
- Richard A. Cardullo
- ↵Callahan, Rebecca. 2013. “The English Learner Dropout Dilemma: Multiple Risks and Multiple Resources.” Santa Barbara: California Drop out Research Project. Available at: http://www.cdrp.ucsb.edu/pubs_reports.htm (accessed January 12, 2014).
- ↵
- Callahan, Rebecca,
- Lindsey Wilkinson, , and
- Chandra Muller
- ↵Cummins, James. 1981. “The Role of Primary Language Development in Promoting Educational Success for Language Minority Students.” In Schooling and Language Minority Students: A Theoretical Framework. Los Angeles: California State University Evaluation, Dissemination, and Assessment Center.
- ↵Danoff, Malcolm N. 1978. “Evaluation of the Impact of ESEA Title VII Spanish/English Bilingual Education Programs.” ED154634. Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Research.
- ↵
- de Jong, Esther. J., and
- Candace A. Harper
- ↵Desilver, Drew. 2013. “U.S. Income Inequality, on Rise for Decades, Is Now Highest Since 1928.” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. Available at: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/05/u-s-income-inequality-on-rise-for-decades-is-now-highest-since-1928/ (accessed November 12, 2014).
- ↵
- Durgunoğlu, Aydin Y.,
- William E. Nagy, , and
- Barbara J. Hancin-Bhatt
- ↵Editorial Projects in Education Research Center. 2013. “Findings from a National Survey of Teacher Perspectives on the Common Core.” Bethesda, Md. EPERC. Available at: http://www.edweek.org/media/epe_survey_teacher_perspctives_common_core_2013.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵Flores, Edward, Gary Painter, Zachary Harlow-Nash, and Harry Pachon, 2009. “¿Qué Pasa? Are English Language Learning Students Staying in English Learning Classes Too Long?” Policy Brief. Los Angeles: Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, University of Southern California. Available at: http://trpi.org/wpcontent/uploads/archives/LAUSD%20Policy%20Brief.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵Gándara, Patricia. 2015. “Is There Really a Labor Market Advantage to Bilingualism in the U.S.?” Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service.
- ↵Gándara, Patricia, Julie Maxwell-Jolly, and Anne Driscoll. 2005. “Listening to Teachers of English Language Learners: A Survey of California Teachers’ Challenges, Experiences, and Professional Development Needs.” Santa Cruz, Calif.: Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning. Available at: http://www.wested.org/resources/listening-to-teachers-of-english-language-learners-a-survey-of-california-teachers-challenges-experiences-and-professional-development-needs (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵
- ↵Gándara, Patricia, and Gary Orfield. 2012. “Segregating Arizona's English Learners: A Return to the ‘Mexican Room?’” Teachers College Record 114(9): 1–27. Available at: http://www.tcrecord.org/content.asp?contentid=16600 (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵
- Gass, Susan M.,
- Alison Mackey, , and
- Teresa Pica
- ↵Genesee, Fred, Kathryn Lindholm-Leary, William Saunders, and Donna Christian. 2006. Educating English Learners: A Synthesis of Research Evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↵
- Gifford, Bernard R., and
- Guadalupe Valdés
- Goldenberg, Claude. 2008. “Teaching English Language Learners.” American Educator (Summer): 8–44. Available at: http://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/goldenberg.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵
- Grubb, W. Norton
- ↵Haertel, Edward. 2007. “Declaration of Edward Haertel in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Issuance of Writ of Mandate in Coachella Valley Unified School District et al. v. State of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger et al.” April 23, 2007.
- ↵Hakuta, Kenji, Yuko Goto Butler, and Daria Witt. 2000. “How Long Does It Take English Learners to Attain Proficiency?” Policy Report no. 2000–01. Santa Barbara: University of California Linguistic Minority Research Institute.
- ↵Hill, Laura E., Margaret Weston, and Joseph M. Hayes. 2014. “Reclassification of English Learner Students in California.” San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California. Available at: http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_114LHR.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵
- ↵Johnson, Hans, and Ria Sengupta. 2009. “Closing the Gap: Meeting California's Need for College Graduates.” San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California. Available at: http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_409HJR.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵Kelly, Patrick, and Julie Strawn. 2011. “Not Just Kid Stuff Anymore: The Economic Imperative for More Adults to Complete College.” Boulder, Colo.: National Center for Higher Education Management Systems. Available at: http://www.nchems.org/pubs/docs/NotKidStuffAnymoreAdultStudentProfile-1.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵Kloss, Hans. 1998. The American Bilingual Tradition, 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Delta Systems and Center for Applied Linguistics.
- ↵Krashen, Stephen D. 1987. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. New York: Prentice Hall.
- ↵Lessow-Hurley, Judith. 2004. The Foundations of Dual Language Instruction, 4th ed. New York: Pearson Higher Education.
- ↵
- Lillie, Karen,
- Amy Markos, ,
- Beatriz Arias, , and
- Terence Wiley
- ↵
- Loeb, Susanna,
- James Soland, , and
- Lindsay Fox
- ↵Martinez-Wenzl, Mary. 2014. “¿Listo para el Colegio? Examining College Readiness Among Latino Newcomer Immigrants.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles.
- ↵
- Martinez-Wenzl, Mary,
- Karla Pérez, , and
- Patricia Gándara
- ↵Maxwell, Leslie. 2013. “Arne Duncan Touts Advantages of Bilingualism.” Learning the Language Blog. Education Week, May 30, 2013. Available at: http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/learning-the-language/2013/05/arne_duncan_touts_advantages_o.html (accessed May 17, 2015).
- Mehlman Petrzela, Natalia
- ↵
- Menken, Kate
- ↵Meyer, Michael E., and Stephen M. Fienberg. 1992. Assessing Evaluation Studies: The Case of Bilingual Education Strategies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
- ↵Moran, Rachel. 1988. “The Politics of Discretion: Federal Intervention in Bilingual Education.” California Law Review 76(6): 1249–351. Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol76/iss6/2/ (accessed November 14, 2014).
- ↵
- Moran, Rachel
- ↵National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). 2014. “The Nation's Report Card: 2013 Mathematics and Reading Grade 12 Assessments.” NCES 2014087. Washington: National Center for Education Statistics. Available at: http://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_g12_2013/#/ (accessed May 13, 2015).
- ↵National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2014. “English Language Learners.” Available at: https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/Indicator_CGF/coe_cgf_2014_05.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. 2005. “Income of U.S. Workforce Projected to Decline If Education Doesn't Improve.” Education Policy Alert. San Jose, Calif.: National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. Available at: http://www.highereducation.org/reports/pa_decline/pa_decline.pdf (accessed May 13, 2015).
- ↵Novak, John R., and Bruce Fuller. 2003. “Penalizing Diverse Schools? Similar Test Scores, but Different Students, Bring Federal Sanctions.” PACE Policy Brief no. 03–4. Berkeley: Policy Analysis for California Education. Available at: http://nepc.colorado.edu/files/EPRU-0312-48-RW.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵Office for Civil Rights. 1970. “DHEW Memo Regarding Language Minority Children.” Washington: U.S. Department of Education. Available at: http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/lau1970.html (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵Ovando, Carlos, and Virginia Collier. 1985. Bilingual and ESL Classrooms. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- ↵Porras, Diane, Joy Ee, and Patricia Gándara. 2014. “Employer Preferences: Do Bilingual Applicants and Employees Experience an Advantage?” In The Bilingual Advantage: Language, Literacy, and the U.S. Labor Market, edited by Rebecca Callahan and Patricia Gándara. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
- Portes, Alejandro, and
- Lingxin Hao
- Ramirez, David J., Sandra D. Yuen, Dena R. Ramey, David J. Pasta, and David K. Billings. 1991. Longitudinal Study of Structured-English Immersion Strategy, Early-Exit and Late-Exit Transitional Bilingual Education Programs for Language-Minority Children. Final Report. Volumes I & II. San Mateo, Calif.: Aguirre International.
- ↵Ravitch, Diane. 2011. The Death and Life of the Great American School System. New York: Basic Books.
- ↵
- Robinson, Joseph
- ↵
- Ruiz, Richard
- Rumbaut, Rubén. 2014. “English Plus: Exploring the Socio-Economic Benefits of Bilingualism in Southern California.” In The Bilingual Advantage: Language, Literacy and the U.S. Labor Market, edited by Rebecca Callahan and Patricia Gándara. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
- ↵Ryan, Camille. 2013. “Language Use in the United States: American Community Survey Reports.” ACS-22. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- Santibañez, Lucrecia, and Maria Estela Zárate. 2014. “Bilinguals in the United States and College Enrollment.” In The Bilingual Advantage: Language, Literacy and the U.S. Labor Market, edited by Rebecca Callahan and Patricia Gándara. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
- ↵Schneider, Susan Gilbert. 1976. Revolution, Reaction or Reform? The 1974 Bilingual Education Act. New York: Las Americas.
- ↵
- Slavin, Robert E., and
- Alan Cheung
- ↵Sunderman, Gail L., Christopher A. Tracey, Jimmy Kim, and Gary Orfield. 2004. “Listening to Teachers: Classroom Realities and No Child Left Behind.” Cambridge, Mass.: Civil Rights Project, Harvard University. Available at: http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/K–12-education/nclb-title-i/listening-to-teachers-classroom-realities-and-no-child-left-behind/sunderman-tracey-kim-orfield-listening-teachers.pdf (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵
- Umansky, Ilana M., and
- Sean F. Reardon
- ↵Valentino, Rachel, and Sean F. Reardon. 2015. “Effectiveness of Four Instructional Programs Designed to Serve English Language Learners: Variation by Ethnicity and Initial English Proficiency.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis forthcoming in print. Online April 1, 2105. Available at: http://epa.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/04/01/0162373715573310.full (accessed July 27, 2015).
- ↵
- Verhoeven, Ludo T
- ↵
- Wiese, Anne-Marie, and
- Eugene E. Garcia
- ↵
- Willig, Ann C
- Zehr, Mary Ann. 2007. “NCLB Seen as a Damper on Bilingual Programs: Some States and Districts Say Testing Requirements May Discourage Efforts.” Education Week, online May 8, 2007.
In this issue
Charting the Relationship of English Learners and the ESEA: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
Patricia Gándara
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Dec 2015, 1 (3) 112-128; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2015.1.3.06
Jump to section
- Article
- Abstract
- REAUTHORIZATIONS AND THE EVOLVING LEGISLATION
- HISTORIC TRENDS IN EDUCATION OF ENGLISH LEARNERS
- A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ON PROGRAMS FOR ENGLISH LEARNERS
- A NEW GENERATION OF RESEARCH ON BILINGUALISM AND ITS BENEFITS
- LEGAL RIGHTS OF ENGLISH LEARNERS
- THE UNDOING OF LEGAL RIGHTS
- A NEW ERA OF ESEA AND THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE BEA
- THE CURRENT STATE OF EDUCATION POLICY FOR ENGLISH LEARNERS
- THE DEMOGRAPHIC IMPERATIVE
- LOOKING FORWARD
- FOOTNOTES
- REFERENCES
- Info & Metrics
- References
Related Articles
- No related articles found.
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.