Research Article
Open Access

Status and Development: How Social Hierarchy Undermines Well-Being

Poulomi Chakrabarti
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences November 2022, 8 (6) 28-49; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.6.02

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Acemoglu, Daron,
    2. Camilo García-Jimeno, and
    3. James Robinson
    . 2012. “Finding Eldorado: Slavery and Long-Run Development in Colombia.” Journal of Comparative Economics 40(4): 534–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2012.07.003.
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    1. Acharya, Avidit,
    2. Matthew Blackwell, and
    3. Maya Sen
    . 2016. “The Political Legacy of American Slavery.” Journal of Politics 78(3): 621–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/686631.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Ahuja, Amit
    . 2019. Mobilizing the Marginalized: Ethnic Parties Without Ethnic Movements. New York: Oxford University Press.
  4. ↵
    1. Alesina, Alberto, and
    2. Edward Glaeser
    . 2004. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  5. ↵
    1. Alesina, Alberto, and
    2. Eliana La Ferrara
    . 2000. “Participation in Heterogeneous Communities.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(3): 847–904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554935.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    1. Alesina, Alberto,
    2. Stelios Michalopoulos, and
    3. Elias Papaioannou
    . 2016. “Ethnic Inequality.” Journal of Political Economy 124(2): 428–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/685300.
    OpenUrl
  7. ↵
    1. Alexander, Amy C
    . 2012. “Change in Women’s Descriptive Representation and the Belief in Women’s Ability to Govern: A Virtuous Cycle.” Politics & Gender 8(4): 437–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X12000487.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    1. Alter, Karen J, and
    2. Michael Zürn
    . 2020. “Conceptualising Backlash Politics: Introduction to a Special Issue on Backlash Politics in Comparison.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 22(4): 563–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120947958.
    OpenUrl
  9. ↵
    1. Anderson, Cameron,
    2. John Angus Hildreth, and
    3. Laura Howland
    . 2015. “Is the Desire for Status a Fundamental Human Motive? A Review of the Empirical Literature.” Psychological Bulletin 141(3): 574–601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038781.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Baldwin, Kate, and
    2. John Huber
    . 2010. “Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision.” American Political Science Review 104(4): 644–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  11. ↵
    1. Banerjee, Abhijit,
    2. Lakshmi Iyer, and
    3. Rohini Somanathan
    . 2005. “History, Social Divisions, and Public Goods in Rural India.” Journal of the European Economic Association 3(2/3): 639–47.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    1. Beaman, Lori,
    2. Esther Duflo,
    3. Rohini Pande, and
    4. Petia Topalova
    . 2012. “Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment in India.” Science 335(6068): 582–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212382.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. ↵
    1. Bearfield, Domonic
    . 2009. “What Is Patronage? A Critical Reexamination.” Public Administration Review 69(1): 64–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01941.x.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    1. Bertrand, Marianne, and
    2. Sendhil Mullainathan
    . 2004. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” American Economic Review 94(4): 991–1013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828042002561.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    1. Bharathi, Naveen,
    2. Deepak Malghan, and
    3. Andaleeb Rahman
    . 2015. “Neighbourhood-Scale Residential Segregation in Indian Metros.” Economic and Political Weekly 54(30): 7–8.
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Bhavnani, Rikhil, and
    2. Alexander Lee
    . 2019. “Does Affirmative Action Worsen Bureaucratic Performance? Evidence from the Indian Administrative Service.” American Journal of Political Science 65(1): 5–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12497.
    OpenUrl
  17. ↵
    1. Bloom, Paul
    . 2010. “How Do Morals Change?” Nature 464(7288): 490.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    1. Boyle, Jennifer Ellen
    . 2010. Anamorphosis in Early Modern Literature: Mediation and Affect. London: Ashgate Publishing.
  19. ↵
    1. Brodkin, Karen
    . 1998. How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
  20. ↵
    1. Chakrabarti, Poulomi
    . 2019. “One Nation, Many Worlds: Varieties of Developmental Regimes in India.” PhD diss., Brown University.
  21. ↵
    1. Chakrabarti, Poulomi
    . 2021. “The Politics of Dignity: How Status Inequality Shaped Redistributive Politics in India.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3932850. Rochester, N.Y.: Social Science Research Network. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3932850.
  22. ↵
    1. Chandra, Kanchan
    . 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  23. ↵
    1. Chandra, Kanchan
    . 2006. “What Is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter?” Annual Review of Political Science 9(1): 397–424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170715.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  24. ↵
    1. Chandra, Kanchan, and
    2. Omar García-Ponce
    . 2019. “Why Ethnic Subaltern-Led Parties Crowd Out Armed Organizations: Explaining Maoist Violence in India.” World Politics 71(2): 367–416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S004388711800028X.
    OpenUrl
  25. ↵
    1. Chauchard, Simon
    . 2014. “Can Descriptive Representation Change Beliefs about a Stigmatized Group? Evidence from Rural India.” American Political Science Review 108(02): 403–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000033.
    OpenUrl
  26. ↵
    1. Coffey, Diane,
    2. Payal Hathi,
    3. Nidhi Khurana, and
    4. Amit Thorat
    . 2018. “Explicit Prejudice.” Economic & Political Weekly 53(1): 47.
    OpenUrl
  27. ↵
    1. Cotterill, Sarah,
    2. James Sidanius,
    3. Arjun Bhardwaj, and
    4. Vivek Kumar
    . 2014. “Ideological Support for the Indian Caste System: Social Dominance Orientation, Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Karma.” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 2(1): 98–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v2i1.171.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  28. ↵
    1. Coulthard, Glen Sean
    . 2014. Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  29. ↵
    1. Cramer, Katherine J
    . 2016. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  30. ↵
    1. Curry, Jessica
    . 2018. “Opinion: Looking Up to Michelle Obama.” New York Times, March 12. Accessed June 5, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/12/opinion/michelle-obama-portrait-sherald-parker.html.
  31. ↵
    1. Darby, Derrick
    . 2009. Rights, Race, and Recognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  32. ↵
    1. Deshpande, Ashwini, and
    2. Thomas Weisskopf
    . 2014. “Does Affirmative Action Reduce Productivity? A Case Study of the Indian Railways.” World Development 64(December): 169–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.024.
    OpenUrl
  33. ↵
    1. Dixon, John,
    2. Mark Levine,
    3. Steve Reicher, and
    4. Kevin Durrheim
    . 2012. “Beyond Prejudice: Are Negative Evaluations the Problem and Is Getting Us to Like One Another More the Solution?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35(6): 411–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11002214.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. ↵
    1. Dubow, Saul
    . 1995. Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  35. ↵
    1. Dunning, Thad, and
    2. Janhavi Nilekani
    . 2013. “Ethnic Quotas and Political Mobilization: Caste, Parties, and Distribution in Indian Village Councils.” American Political Science Review 107(01): 35–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000573.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  36. ↵
    1. Dusenbery, Maya
    . 2018. Doing Harm: The Truth About How Bad Medicine and Lazy Science Leave Women Dismissed, Misdiagnosed, and Sick. New York: HarperOne.
  37. ↵
    1. Ejdemyr, Simon,
    2. Eric Kramon, and
    3. Amanda Lea Robinson
    . 2018. “Segregation, Ethnic Favoritism, and the Strategic Targeting of Local Public Goods.” Comparative Political Studies 51(9). SAGE Publications Inc: 1111–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017730079.
    OpenUrl
  38. ↵
    1. Esping-Andersen, Gosta
    . 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  39. ↵
    1. Fanon, Frantz
    . 2008. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
  40. ↵
    1. Fernandez, Sergio,
    2. Samuel Koma, and
    3. Hongseok Lee
    . 2018. “Establishing the Link between Representative Bureaucracy and Performance: The South African Case.” Governance 31(3): 535–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12319.
    OpenUrl
  41. ↵
    1. Finkelman, Paul
    . 2012. “Opinion: The Real Thomas Jefferson.” New York Times, November 30. Accessed June 5, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html.
  42. ↵
    1. Fong, Christina
    . 2001. “Social Preferences, Self-Interest, and the Demand for Redistribution.” Journal of Public Economics 82(2): 225–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00141-9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    1. Fraser, Nancy
    . 1995. “From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a ‘Post-Socialist’ Age.” New Left Review 1(212): 68–93.
    OpenUrl
  44. ↵
    1. Freedman, Joshua
    . 2020. “Back of the Queue: Brexit, Status Loss, and the Politics of Backlash.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 22(4): 631–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120949824.
    OpenUrl
  45. ↵
    1. Galanter, Marc
    . 1984. Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  46. ↵
    1. Gethin, Amory,
    2. Clara Martínez-Toledano, and
    3. Thomas Piketty
    . 2021. “Brahmin Left Versus Merchant Right: Changing Political Cleavages in 21 Western Democracies, 1948–2020.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 137(1): 1–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjab036.
    OpenUrl
  47. ↵
    1. Golway, Terry
    . 2014. Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics. New York: Liveright.
  48. ↵
    1. Griffin, John D., and
    2. Michael Keane
    . 2006. “Descriptive Representation and the Composition of African American Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 50(4): 998–1012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00229.x.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  49. ↵
    1. Gusfield, Joseph
    . 1986. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
  50. ↵
    1. Habyarimana, James,
    2. Daniel Posner,
    3. Macartan Humphreys, and
    4. Jeremy Weinstein
    . 2007. “Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision? An Experimental Approach.” American Political Science Review 101(4): 709–25.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  51. ↵
    1. Hajnal, Zoltan L
    . 2001. “White Residents, Black Incumbents, and a Declining Racial Divide.” American Political Science Review 95(3): 603–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401003033.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  52. ↵
    1. Harris, Allison P
    . 2020. “Can Racial Diversity Among Judges Affect Sentencing Outcomes?” Unpublished paper.
  53. ↵
    1. Heller, Patrick
    . 2020. “The Age of Reaction: Retrenchment Populism in India and Brazil.” International Sociology 35(6): 590–609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920949979.
    OpenUrl
  54. ↵
    1. Hoekstra, Mark, and
    2. CarlyWill Sloan
    . 2022. “Does Race Matter for Police Use of Force? Evidence from 911 Calls.” American Economic Review 112(3): 827–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201292.
    OpenUrl
  55. ↵
    1. Hoff, Karla, and
    2. Priyanka Pandey
    . 2006. “Discrimination, Social Identity, and Durable Inequalities.” American Economic Review 96(2): 206–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/30034643.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  56. ↵
    1. Hoffman, Kelly M.,
    2. Sophie Trawalter,
    3. Jordan R. Axt, and
    4. M. Norman Oliver
    . 2016. “Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs about Biological Differences between Blacks and Whites.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(16): 4296–4301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  57. ↵
    1. Horowitz, Donald
    . 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  58. ↵
    1. Houle, Christian
    . 2017. “Inequality, Ethnic Diversity, and Redistribution.” Journal of Economic Inequality 15(1): 1–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-016-9340-8.
    OpenUrl
  59. ↵
    1. Huber, Evelyne,
    2. Charles Ragin, and
    3. John D. Stephens
    . 1993. “Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure, and the Welfare State.” American Journal of Sociology 99(3): 711–49.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  60. ↵
    1. Ince, Onur Ulas
    . 2022. “Deprovincializing Racial Capitalism: John Crawfurd and Settler Colonialism in India.” American Political Science Review 116(1): 144–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000939.
    OpenUrl
  61. ↵
    1. Jackman, Mary R
    . 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  62. ↵
    1. Jaffrelot, Christophe
    . 2003. India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. New York: Columbia University Press.
  63. ↵
    1. Jensenius, Francesca
    . 2017. Social Justice Through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  64. ↵
    1. Jost, John T., and
    2. Mahzarin R. Banaji
    . 1994. “The Role of Stereotyping in System-Justification and the Production of False Consciousness.” British Journal of Social Psychology 33(1): 1–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  65. ↵
    1. Jost, John T.,
    2. Mahzarin R. Banaji, and
    3. Brian A. Nosek
    . 2004. “A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo.” Political Psychology 25(6): 881–919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x.
    OpenUrl
  66. ↵
    1. Kalev, Alexandra,
    2. Frank Dobbin, and
    3. Erin Kelly
    . 2006. “Best Practices or Best Guesses? Assessing the Efficacy of Corporate Affirmative Action and Diversity Policies.” American Sociological Review 71(4): 589–617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100404.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  67. ↵
    1. Kelman, Herbert G
    . 1973. “Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers.” Journal of Social Issues 29(4): 25–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00102.x.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  68. ↵
    1. Kohli, Atul
    . 2020. Imperialism and the Developing World: How Britain and the United States Shaped the Global Periphery. New York: Oxford University Press.
  69. ↵
    1. Kolbert, Elizabeth
    . 2018. “There’s No Scientific Basis for Race—It’s a Made-Up Label.” National Geographic, April 1. Accessed June 5, 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/04/race-genetics-science-africa/.
  70. ↵
    1. Koonz, Claudia
    . 2003. The Nazi Conscience. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  71. ↵
    1. Kruks-Wisner, Gabrielle
    . 2018. Claiming the State: Active Citizenship and Social Welfare in Rural India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  72. ↵
    1. Kteily, Nour S., and
    2. Alexander P. Landry
    . 2022. “Dehumanization: Trends, Insights, and Challenges.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 26(3): 222–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003.
    OpenUrl
  73. ↵
    1. Kustov, Alexander, and
    2. Giuliana Pardelli
    . 2018. “Ethnoracial Homogeneity and Public Outcomes: The (Non)Effects of Diversity.” American Political Science Review 112(4): 1096–1103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000308.
    OpenUrl
  74. ↵
    1. Kymlicka, Will
    . 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  75. ↵
    1. Lamont, Michèle
    . 2018. “Addressing Recognition Gaps: Destigmatization and the Reduction of Inequality.” American Sociological Review 83(3): 419–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418773775.
    OpenUrl
  76. ↵
    1. Luebbert, Gregory M
    . 1991. Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
  77. ↵
    1. Lukes, Steven
    . 1997. “Humiliation and the Politics of Identity.” Social Research 64(1): 36–51.
    OpenUrl
  78. ↵
    1. Lupu, Noam, and
    2. Jonas Pontusson
    . 2011. “The Structure of Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution.” American Political Science Review 105(2): 316–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000128.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  79. ↵
    1. Mansbridge, Jane
    . 1999. “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes.’” Journal of Politics 61(3): 628–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2647821.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  80. ↵
    1. Marwah, Inder S.,
    2. Jennifer Pitts,
    3. Timothy Bowers Vasko,
    4. Onur Ulas Ince, and
    5. Robert Nichols
    . 2020. “Empire and Its Afterlives.” Contemporary Political Theory 19(2): 274–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-020-00391-8.
    OpenUrl
  81. ↵
    1. Mehta, Uday Singh
    . 1999. Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  82. ↵
    1. Mendelberg, Tali
    . 2022. “Status, Symbols, and Politics: A Theory of Symbolic Status Politics.” RSF: Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(6): 50–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.6.03.
    OpenUrl
  83. ↵
    1. Miguel, Edward, and
    2. Mary Kay Gugerty
    . 2005. “Ethnic Diversity, Social Sanctions, and Public Goods in Kenya.” Journal of Public Economics 89(11–12): 2325–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.09.004.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  84. ↵
    1. Mill, John Stuart
    . 1865. On Liberty. London: Longmans, Green.
  85. ↵
    1. Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, and
    2. James Q. Wilson
    . 1964. “Patronage in New York State, 1955–1959.” American Political Science Review 58(2): 286–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1952863.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  86. ↵
    1. Mutz, Diana
    . 2018. “Status Threat, Not Economic Hardship, Explains the 2016 Presidential Vote.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(19): E4330–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718155115.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  87. ↵
    1. Nandy, Ashis
    . 1983. The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  88. ↵
    1. Nussbaum, Martha C
    . 2000. “Aristotle, Politics, and Human Capabilities: A Response to Antony, Arneson, Charlesworth, and Mulgan.” Ethics 111(1): 102–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/233421.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  89. ↵
    1. Nussbaum, Martha C
    . 2011. Creating Capabilities. Reprint edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  90. ↵
    1. Paluck, Elizabeth Levy
    . 2009. “What’s in a Norm? Sources and Processes of Norm Change.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(3): 594–600.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  91. ↵
    1. Paluck, Elizabeth Levy
    . 2012. “The Dominance of the Individual in Intergroup Relations Research: Understanding Social Change Requires Psychological Theories of Collective and Structural Phenomena.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35(6): 443–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12001288.
    OpenUrl
  92. ↵
    1. Paluck, Elizabeth Levy,
    2. Seth A. Green, and
    3. Donald P. Green
    . 2019. “The Contact Hypothesis Re-Evaluated.” Behavioural Public Policy 3(2): 129–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.25.
    OpenUrl
  93. ↵
    1. Pantoja, Adrian D., and
    2. Gary M. Segura
    . 2003. “Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation Among Latinos*.” Social Science Quarterly 84(2): 441–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402014.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  94. ↵
    1. Pardelli, Giuliana, and
    2. Alexander Kustov
    . 2022. “When Coethnicity Fails.” World Politics, February. Cambridge University Press, 1–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887121000241.
  95. ↵
    1. Pettigrew, Thomas F., and
    2. Linda R. Tropp
    . 2006. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(5): 751–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  96. ↵
    1. Piven, Frances Fox, and
    2. Richard Cloward
    . 1979. Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. New York: Vintage Books.
  97. ↵
    1. Posner, Daniel
    . 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  98. ↵
    1. Postero, Nancy
    . 2017. The Indigenous State: Race, Politics, and Performance in Plurinational Bolivia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  99. ↵
    1. Preuhs, Robert R
    . 2006. “The Conditional Effects of Minority Descriptive Representation: Black Legislators and Policy Influence in the American States.” Journal of Politics 68(3): 585–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00447.x.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  100. ↵
    1. Preuhs, Robert R
    . 2007. “Descriptive Representation as a Mechanism to Mitigate Policy Backlash: Latino Incorporation and Welfare Policy in the American States.” Political Research Quarterly 60(2): 277–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907301981.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  101. ↵
    1. Quadagno, Jill S
    . 1994. The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  102. ↵
    1. Rai, Tage S.,
    2. Piercarlo Valdesolo, and
    3. Jesse Graham
    . 2017. “Dehumanization Increases Instrumental Violence, but Not Moral Violence.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(32): 8511–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705238114.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  103. ↵
    1. Rao, Vijayendra, and
    2. Paromita Sanyal
    . 2010. “Dignity through Discourse: Poverty and the Culture of Deliberation in Indian Village Democracies.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 629(1): 146–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716209357402.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  104. ↵
    1. Ravallion, Martin
    . 2016. The Economics of Poverty: History, Measurement, and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190212766.001.0001.
  105. ↵
    1. Ray, Tridip,
    2. Arka Roy Chaudhuri, and
    3. Komal Sahai
    . 2020. “Whose Education Matters? An Analysis of Inter Caste Marriages in India.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 176(August): 619–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.02.011.
    OpenUrl
  106. ↵
    1. Ridgeway, Cecilia
    . 2014. “Why Status Matters for Inequality.” American Sociological Review 79(1): 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413515997.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  107. ↵
    1. Ridgeway, Cecilia
    . 2019. Status: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  108. ↵
    1. Ridgeway, Cecilia L., and
    2. Hazel Rose Markus
    . 2022. “The Significance of Status: What It Is and How It Shapes Inequality.” RSF: Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(6): 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.6.01.
    OpenUrl
  109. ↵
    1. Robinson, Cedric J
    . 1983. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. London: Zed Press.
  110. ↵
    1. Rocha, Rene R.,
    2. Caroline J. Tolbert,
    3. Daniel C. Bowen, and
    4. Christopher J. Clark
    . 2010. “Race and Turnout: Does Descriptive Representation in State Legislatures Increase Minority Voting?” Political Research Quarterly 63(4): 890–907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910376388.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  111. ↵
    1. Roediger, David R
    . 2005. Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs. New York: Basic Books.
  112. ↵
    1. Roemer, John E
    . 2009. Equality of Opportunity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  113. ↵
    1. Rosenfeld, Michael J
    . 2017. “Moving a Mountain: The Extraordinary Trajectory of Same-Sex Marriage Approval in the United States.” Socius 3(January): 2378023117727658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117727658.
    OpenUrl
  114. ↵
    1. Rueschemeyer, Dietrich,
    2. Evelyne Huber, and
    3. John Stephens
    . 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  115. ↵
    1. Saini, Angela
    . 2019. Superior: The Return of Race Science. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press.
  116. ↵
    1. Sandbrook, Richard,
    2. Marc Edelman,
    3. Patrick Heller, and
    4. Judith Teichman
    . 2007. Social Democracy in the Global Periphery: Origins, Challenges, Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  117. ↵
    1. Satia, Priya
    . 2020. Time’s Monster: How History Makes History. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
  118. ↵
    1. Satia, Priya
    . 2021. “Britain’s Culture War: Disguising Imperial Politics as Historical Debate about Empire.” Journal of Genocide Research, September, 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2021.1968137.
  119. ↵
    1. Scherer, Nancy, and
    2. Brett Curry
    . 2010. “Does Descriptive Race Representation Enhance Institutional Legitimacy? The Case of the U.S. Courts.” Journal of Politics 72(1): 90–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609990491.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  120. ↵
    1. Sen, Amartya
    . 1999. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  121. ↵
    1. Shayo, Moses
    . 2009. “A Model of Social Identity with an Application to Political Economy: Nation, Class, and Redistribution.” American Political Science Review 103(2): 147–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409090194.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  122. ↵
    1. Sidanius, Jim, and
    2. Felicia Pratto
    . 1999. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  123. ↵
    1. Singh, Prerna, and
    2. Matthias vom Hau
    . 2016. “Ethnicity in Time: Politics, History, and the Relationship between Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision.” Comparative Political Studies 49(10): 1303–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016633231.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  124. ↵
    1. Smith, David Livingstone
    . 2011. Less Than Human: Why We Demean, Enslave, and Exterminate Others. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  125. ↵
    1. Steele, Claude, and
    2. Joshua Aronson
    . 1995. “Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5): 797–811.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  126. ↵
    1. Steele, Jennifer, and
    2. Nalini Ambady
    . 2006. “Math Is Hard: The Effect of Gender Priming on Women’s Attitudes.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42(4): 428–36. citeulike-article-id:6089208.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  127. ↵
    1. Stone, Jeff,
    2. Christian I. Lynch,
    3. Mike Sjomeling, and
    4. John M. Darley
    . 1999. “Stereotype Threat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77(6): 1213–27.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  128. ↵
    1. Suryanarayan, Pavithra
    . 2019. “When Do the Poor Vote for the Right Wing and Why: Status Hierarchy and Vote Choice in the Indian States.” Comparative Political Studies 52(2): 209–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018758752.
    OpenUrl
  129. ↵
    1. Táíwò, Olúfẹ́mi O
    . 2022. Elite Capture: How the Powerful Took Over Identity Politics (And Everything Else). Chicago: Haymarket Books.
  130. ↵
    1. Tajima, Yuhki,
    2. Krislert Samphantharak, and
    3. Kai Ostwald
    . 2018. “Ethnic Segregation and Public Goods: Evidence from Indonesia.” American Political Science Review 112(3): 637–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000138.
    OpenUrl
  131. ↵
    1. Taylor, Charles
    . 1994. “The Politics of Recognition.” In Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, edited by Charles Taylor and Amy Gutmann. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  132. ↵
    1. Teltumbde, Anand
    . 2017. “Introduction: Bridging the Unholy Rift.” In India and Communism, by B R Ambedkar. New Delhi: LeftWord.
    1. Thorat, Amit, and
    2. Omkar Joshi
    . 2020. “The Continuing Practice of Untouchability in India.” Economic & Political Weekly 55(2): 36–45.
    OpenUrl
  134. ↵
    1. Thorat, Sukhadeo, and
    2. Katherine S. Newman
    . 2007. “Caste and Economic Discrimination: Causes, Consequences and Remedies.” Economic and Political Weekly 42(41): 4121–24.
    OpenUrl
  135. ↵
    1. Tilly, Charles
    . 1998. Durable Inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  136. ↵
    1. Uslaner, Eric M
    . 2012. Segregation and Mistrust: Diversity, Isolation, and Social Cohesion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  137. ↵
    1. Weber, Max
    . 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  138. ↵
    1. Weiner, Myron
    . 1991. The Child and the State in India: Child Labor and Education Policy in Comparative Perspective. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  139. ↵
    1. Wikimedia Commons
    . 2020. “File:Statue of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in front of Indian Parliament Perennially Directing Its Proceedings Against Social Reaction!.jpg.” Last edited October 30, 2020. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_in_front_of_Indian_Parliament_perennially_directing_its_proceedings_against_social_reaction!.jpg.
  140. ↵
    1. Wikimedia Commons
    . 2021. “File:Ms. Mayawati’s Statues Akin to Emblem of India, the Four Asiatic Lions.jpg.” Last updated December 21, 2021. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms._Mayawati%27s_statues_akin_to_Emblem_of_India,_the_four_Asiatic_lions.jpg.
  141. ↵
    1. Wimmer, Andreas
    . 2016. “Is Diversity Detrimental? Ethnic Fractionalization, Public Goods Provision, and the Historical Legacies of Stateness.” Comparative Political Studies 49(11): 1407–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015592645.
    OpenUrl
  142. ↵
    1. Witsoe, Jeffrey
    . 2013. Democracy against Development: Lower-Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  143. ↵
    1. Zinn, Howard
    . 2014. Disobedience and Democracy: Nine Fallacies on Law and Order. 2nd ed. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools
Status and Development: How Social Hierarchy Undermines Well-Being
Poulomi Chakrabarti
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Nov 2022, 8 (6) 28-49; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2022.8.6.02
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo

Jump to section

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.

Similar Articles

Keywords