Families’ Job Characteristics and Economic Self-Sufficiency: Differences by Income, Race-Ethnicity, and Nativity

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Abraham, Katharine G., and
   2. Susan N. Houseman

   . 2019. “Making Ends Meet: The Role of Informal Work in Supplementing Americans’ Income.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5(5): 110–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2019.5.5.06.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
2. ↵
   1. Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores,
   2. Pamela Joshi,
   3. Emily Ruskin,
   4. Abigail N. Walters,
   5. Nomi Sofer, and
   6. Carlos A. Guevara

   . 2021a. “Including Children in Immigrant Families in Policy Approaches to Reduce Child Poverty.” Academic Pediatrics 21(8S): S117–S125.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores,
   2. Pamela Joshi,
   3. Emily Ruskin,
   4. Abigail N. Walters, and
   5. Nomi Sofer

   . 2021b. “Restoring an Inclusionary Safety Net for Children in Immigrant Families: A Review of Three Social Policies.” Health Affairs 40(7): 1099–107.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores,
   2. Nancy McArdle,
   3. Erin Hardy,
   4. Keri-Nicole Dillman,
   5. Jason Reece,
   6. Unda Ioana Crisan,
   7. David Norris and
   8. Theresa L. Osypuk

   . 2016. “Neighborhood Opportunity and Location Affordability for Low-Income Renter Families.” House Policy Debate 26(4–5): 607–45.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Adams, Gina, and
   2. Hannah Matthews

   . 2013. “Confronting the Child Care Eligibility Maze Simplifying and Aligning with Other Work Supports.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
6. ↵
   1. Adelstein, Shirley, and
   2. H. Elizabeth Peters

   . 2019. “Parents’ Access to Work-Family Supports.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
7. ↵
   1. Alden Dinan, Kinsley

   . 2009. “Budgeting for Basic Needs: A Struggle for Working Families.” New York: National Center for Children in Poverty.
8. ↵
   1. Alvira-Hammond, Marta, and
   2. Lisa A. Gennetian

   . 2015. “How Hispanic Parents Perceive Their Need and Eligibility for Public Assistance.” Bethesda, Md.: National Research Center on Hispanic Children & Families.
9. ↵
   1. Baker, Dean

   . 2020. “The $24 an Hour Minimum Wage.” Washington, D.C.: Center for Economic and Policy Research.
10. ↵
    1. Baldiga, Maura,
    2. Pamela Joshi,
    3. Erin Hardy, and
    4. Dolores Acevedo-Garcia

    . 2018. “Data-for-Equity Research Brief: Child Care Affordability for Working Parents.” Waltham, Mass.: Institute for Child, Youth and Family Policy.
11. ↵
    1. Barnes, Carolyn Y., and
    2. Lisa A. Gennetian

    . 2021. “Experiences of Hispanic Families with Social Services in the Racially Segregated Southeast: Views from Administrators and Workers in North Carolina.” Race and Social Problems 13: 1–16.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Barnes, Carolyn Y., and
    2. Julia R. Henly

    . 2018. “‘They Are Underpaid and Understaffed’: How Clients Interpret Encounters with Street-Level Bureaucrats.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 28(2): 165–81.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Bartel, Ann P.,
    2. Soohyun Kim,
    3. Jaehyun Nam,
    4. Maya Rossin-Slater,
    5. Christopher Ruhm, and
    6. Jane Waldfogel

    . 2019. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to and Use of Paid Family and Medical Leave: Evidence from Four Nationally Representative Datasets.” Monthly Labor Review January: 1–29. Accessed March 22, 2022. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2019/article/racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-access-to-and-use-of-paid-family-and-medical-leave.htm.
14. ↵
    1. Bayer, Patrick, and
    2. Kerwin Kofi Charles

    . 2018. “Divergent Paths: A New Perspective on Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men Since 1940.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 133(3): 1459–501.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. Becker, Gary

    . 1981. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
16. ↵
    1. Bishow, John L

    . 2015. “The Relationship between Access to Benefits and Weekly Work Hours.” Monthly Labor Review June: 1–10. Accessed March 22, 2022. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/pdf/the-relationship-between-access-to-benefits-and-weekly-work-hours.pdf.
17. ↵
    1. Boushey, Heather

    . 2016. Finding Time: The Economics of Work-Life Conflict. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
18. ↵
    1. Brown, K. Steven

    . 2020. “Racial Inequality in the Labor Market and Employment Opportunities.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
19. ↵
    1. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

    . 2020. “Work Experience of the Population—2019.” Accessed June 7, 2022. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/work_12092020.pdf.
20. ↵
    1. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

    . 2021a. “May 2020 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates.” Accessed March 2, 2022. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm#00-0000.
21. ↵
    1. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

    . 2021b. “National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in the United States, March 2021.” Last modified September 23, 2021. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2021/home.htm.
22. ↵
    1. Carlson, Marcia J.,
    2. Christopher Wimer, and
    3. Ron Haskins

    . 2022. “Changing Work, Changing Families, and Public Policies Toward Low-Income Families.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(5): 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.5.01.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Chen, Wen-Hao, and
    2. Miles Corak

    . 2008. “Child Poverty and Changes in Child Poverty.” Demography 45(3): 537–53.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
24. ↵
    1. Cooper, David

    . 2018. “Workers of Color Are Far More Likely to Be Paid Poverty-Level Wages than White Workers.” Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
25. ↵
    1. Daugherty, Robert H., and
    2. Gerard M. Barber

    . 2001. “Self-Sufficiency, Ecology of Work, and Welfare Reform.” Social Service Review 75(4): 662–75.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
26. ↵
    1. Derenoncourt, Ellora, and
    2. Claire Montialoux

    . 2021. “Minimum Wages and Racial Inequality.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 136(1): 169–228.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Donovan, Sarah A., and
    2. David H. Bradley

    . 2020. “Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2019.” CRS Report no. R45090. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
28. ↵
    1. Dunn, Megan

    . 2018. “Who Chooses Part-Time Work and Why?” Monthly Labor Review March: 1–25.
29. ↵
    1. Earle, Alison,
    2. Pamela Joshi,
    3. Kimberly Geronimo, and
    4. Dolores Acevedo-Garcia

    . 2014. “Job Characteristics Among Working Parents: Differences by Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity.” Monthly Labor Review March: 1–26. Accessed March 22, 2022. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2014/article/job-characteristics-among-working-parents.htm.
30. ↵
    1. Edin, Kathryn, and
    2. Laura Lein

    . 1997. “Work, Welfare, and Single Mothers’ Economic Survival Strategies.” American Sociological Review 62(2): 253–66.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. ↵
    1. Ellwood, David T

    . 1988. Poor Support: Poverty in the American Family. New York: Basic Books.
32. ↵
    1. Flood, Sarah,
    2. Miriam King,
    3. Renae Rodgers,
    4. Steven Ruggles,
    5. J. Robert Warren, and
    6. Michael Westberry

    . 2021. “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 9.0.” [dataset]. IPUMS. Accessed June 20, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18128/D030.V9.0.
33. ↵
    1. Fremstad, Shawn

    . 2020. “The Defining Down of Economic Deprivation: Why We Need to Reset the Poverty Line.” New York: The Century Foundation.
34. ↵
    1. Garfinkel, Irwin, and
    2. Natasha Pilkauskas

    . 2016. “Public and Private Transfers.” In Children of the Great Recession, edited by Irwin Garfinkel, Sara McLanahan, and Christopher Wimer. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
35. ↵
    1. Glasmeier, Amy K

    . 2020. “Living Wage Calculator.” Accessed July 10, 2020. https://livingwage.mit.edu.
36. ↵
    1. Golden, Lonnie

    . 2020. “Part-Time Workers Pay a Big-Time Penalty.” Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
37. ↵
    1. Gonzalez, Dulce,
    2. Michael Karpman,
    3. Genevieve M. Kenney, and
    4. Stephen Zuckerman

    . 2021. “Hispanic Adults in Families with Noncitizens Disproportionately Feel the Economic Fallout from COVID-19.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
38. ↵
    1. Goodman, Julia M.,
    2. Holly Elser, and
    3. William H. Dow

    . 2020. “Among Low-Income Women in San Francisco, Low Awareness of Paid Parental Leave Benefits Inhibits Take Up.” Health Affairs 39(7): 1157–65.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Gould, Elise,
    2. Zane Mokhiber, and
    3. Kathleen Bryant

    . 2018. “The Economic Policy Institute’s Family Budget Calculator: Technical Documentation.” Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
40. ↵
    1. Halpern-Meekin, Sarah,
    2. Kathryn Edin,
    3. Laura Tach, and
    4. Jennifer Sykes

    . 2015. It’s Not Like I’m Poor: How Working Families Make Ends Meet in a Post-Welfare World. Berkeley: University of California Press.
41. ↵
    1. Hamilton, Tod G

    . 2019. Immigration and the Remaking of Black America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
42. ↵
    1. Heinrich, Carolyn J

    . 2014. “Parents’ Employment and Children’s Wellbeing.” Future of Children 24(1): 121–46.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Heinrich, Carolyn J., and
    2. John Karl Scholz

    . 2009. “Making the Work-Based Safety Net Work Better.” In Making the Work-Based Safety Net Work Better, edited by Carolyn J. Heinrich and John Karl Scholz. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
44. ↵
    1. Hill, Heather D.,
    2. Jennifer Romich,
    3. Marybeth J. Mattingly,
    4. Shomon Shamsuddin, and
    5. Hilary Wething

    . 2017. “An Introduction to Household Economic Instability and Social Policy.” Social Service Review 91(3): 371–89.

    OpenUrl
45. ↵
    1. Hill, Zoelene,
    2. Lisa A. Gennetian, and
    3. Julia Mendez

    . 2018. “A Descriptive Profile of State Child Care Development Fund Policies in States with High Populations of Low-Income Hispanic Children.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 47: 111–23.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. Howell, David R., and
    2. Arne L. Kalleberg

    . 2019. “Declining Job Quality in the United States: Explanations and Evidence.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5(4): 1–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2019.5.4.01.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
47. ↵
    1. Jackson, C. Kirabo,
    2. Rucker C. Johnson, and
    3. Claudia Persico

    . 2016. “The Effects of School Spending on Educational and Economic Outcomes: Evidence from School Finance Reforms.” Quarterly Journal of Economics: 131(1): 157–218.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
48. ↵
    1. Johnson, Anna D.,
    2. Anne Martin, and
    3. Rebecca M. Ryan

    . 2014. “Child-Care Subsidies and Child-Care Choices Over Time.” Child Development 85(5): 1843–51.

    OpenUrl
49. ↵
    1. Johnson, Rucker C., and
    2. Mary E. Corcoran

    . 2003. “The Road to Economic Self-Sufficiency: Job Quality and Job Transition Patterns After Welfare Reform.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 22(4): 615–39.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. ↵
    1. Joshi, Pamela,
    2. Maura Baldiga,
    3. Alison Earle,
    4. Rebecca Huber,
    5. Theresa Osypuk, and
    6. Dolores Acevedo-Garcia

    . 2019. “How Much Would Family and Medical Leave Cost Workers in the US? Racial/Ethnic Variation in Economic Hardship Under Unpaid and Paid Policies.” Community, Work & Family 24(5): 517–40.

    OpenUrl
51. ↵
    1. Joshi, Pamela,
    2. Maura Baldiga,
    3. Rebecca Huber, and
    4. Dolores Acevedo-Garcia

    . 2020. “Policy Equity Assessment: Family and Medical Leave Act.” Waltham, Mass.: Institute for Child, Youth and Family Policy.
52. ↵
    1. Kamerman, Sheila B

    . 2000. “Parental Leave Policies: An Essential Ingredient in Early Childhood Education and Care Policies.” Social Policy Report 14(2): 3–16.

    OpenUrl
53. ↵
    1. Kristal, Tali,
    2. Yinon Cohen, and
    3. Edo Navot

    . 2018. “Benefit Inequality among American Workers by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, 1982–2015.” Sociological Science 5: 461–88.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Lopez, Leo,
    2. Louis H. Hart, and
    3. Mitchell H. Katz

    . 2021. “Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Related to COVID-19.” Journal of the American Medical Association 325(8): 719–20.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
55. ↵
    1. Loprest, Pamela, and
    2. Demetra Nightingale

    . 2018. “The Nature of Work and the Social Safety Net.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
56. ↵
    1. Luhr, Sigrid,
    2. Daniel Schneider, and
    3. Kristin Harknett

    . 2022. “Parenting Without Predictability: Precarious Schedules, Parental Strain, and Work-Life Conflict.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 85(5): 24–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.5.02.

    OpenUrl
57. ↵
    1. Manzer, Lisa, and
    2. Annie Kucklick

    . 2021. “The Self-Sufficiency Standard 2021 Technical Brief.” Seattle, Wash.: Center for Women’s Welfare.
58. ↵
    1. McPherran Lombardi, Caitlin, and
    2. Rebekah Levine Coley

    . 2013. “Low-Income Mothers’ Employment Experiences: Prospective Links with Young Children’s Development.” Family Relations 62(3): 514–28.

    OpenUrl
59. ↵
    1. Michelmore, Katherine M., and
    2. Natasha V. Pilkauskas

    . 2022. “The Earned Income Tax Credit, Family Complexity, and Children’s Living Arrangements.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(5): 143–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.5.07.

    OpenUrl
60. ↵
    1. Mishel, Lawrence, and
    2. Josh Bivens

    . 2021. ”Identifying the Policy Levers Generating Wage Suppression and Wage Inequality.” Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
61. ↵
    1. Mora, Marie T., and
    2. Alberto Dávila

    . 2018. “The Hispanic-White Wage Gap Has Remained Wide and Relatively Steady.” Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
62. ↵
    1. National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (National Academies)

    . 2019. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
63. ↵
    1. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning & Evaluation (OASPE)

    . 2019. 2019 Poverty Guidelines. Washington: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed March 22, 2022. https://aspe.hhs.gov/topics/poverty-economic-mobility/poverty-guidelines/prior-hhs-poverty-guidelines-federal-register-references/2019-poverty-guidelines.
64. ↵
    1. Orcutt Dulee, Harriet, and
    2. Daniel J. Dowhan

    . 2008. “Research on Immigrant Earnings.” Social Security Bulletin 68(1): 31–50.

    OpenUrlPubMed
65. ↵
    1. Parcel, Toby L., and
    2. Elizabeth G. Menaghan

    . 1997. “Effects of Low-Wage Employment on Family Well-Being.” The Future of Children 7(1): 116–21.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
66. ↵
    1. Repetti, Rena L., and
    2. Shu-Wen Wang

    . 2014. “Employment and Parenting.” Parenting: Science & Practice 14(2): 121–32.

    OpenUrl
67. ↵
    1. Rossin-Slater, Maya,
    2. Christopher Ruhm, and
    3. Jane Waldfogel

    . 2013. “The Effects of California’s Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers’ Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 32(2): 224–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
68. ↵
    1. Schmitt, John,
    2. Elise Gould, and
    3. Josh Bivens

    . 2018. “America’s Slow-Motion Wage Crisis.” Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
69. ↵
    1. Seefeldt, Kristin S., and
    2. Heather Sandstrom

    . 2015. “When There Is No Welfare: The Income Packaging Strategies of Mothers Without Earnings or Cash Assistance Following an Economic Downturn.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 1(1): 139–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.1.08.

    OpenUrl
70. ↵
    1. Shakesprere, Jessica,
    2. Batia Katz, and
    3. Pamela Loprest

    . 2021. “Racial Equity and Job Quality: Causes Behind Racial Disparities and Possibilities to Address Them.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
71. ↵
    1. Smith, Sandra Susan, and
    2. Jonathan Simon

    . 2020. “Exclusion and Extraction: Criminal Justice Contact and the Reallocation of Labor.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 1–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.01.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
72. ↵
    1. U.S. Census Bureau

    . 2021. “How the Census Bureau Measures Poverty.” Accessed May 30, 2021. https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html.
73. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

    . 2019. “Programs that Use the Poverty Guidelines as a Part of Eligibility Determination.” Accessed June 24, 2021. https://www.hhs.gov/answers/hhs-administrative/what-programs-use-the-poverty-guidelines/index.html#:~:text=A%20few%20open%2Dended%20or,of%20Medicare%20%E2%80%93%20Prescription%20Drug%20Coverage.
74. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Labor

    . 1993. “The Employer’s Guide to The Family and Medical Leave Act.” WH1421. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. Accessed March 22, 2022. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/employerguide.pdf.
75. ↵
    1. White House

    . 2021. “Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government.” Washington, D.C.: The White House.
76. ↵
    1. Wolfe, Barbara

    . 2002. “Welfare Reform Depends on Good Child Care.” The American Prospect, July 3, 2002.