Growing Up in Rural America

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Abrams, Leah R.,
   2. Mikko Myrskylä, and
   3. Neil K. Mehta

   . 2021. “The Growing Rural–Urban Divide in US Life Expectancy: Contribution of Cardiovascular Disease and Other Major Causes of Death.” International Journal of Epidemiology. First published online: August 12, 2021. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab158.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
2. ↵
   1. Albrecht, Don E., and
   2. Stan L. Albrecht

   . 2000. “Poverty in Nonmetropolitan America: Impacts of Industrial, Employment, and Family Structure Variables.” Rural Sociology 65(1): 87–103. DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-0831.2000.tb00344.x.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Alvarado, Steven Elías

   . 2019. “The Indelible Weight of Place: Childhood Neighborhood Disadvantage, Timing of Exposure, and Obesity Across Adulthood.” Health & Place 58 (July): 102159. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102159.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
4. ↵
   1. Amato, Paul R

   . 2005. “The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation.” The Future of Children 15(2): 75–96. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556564.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. ↵
   1. Amato, Paul R

   . 2010. “Research on Divorce: Continuing Trends and New Developments.” Journal of Marriage and Family 72(3): 650–66. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
6. ↵
   1. Artz, Georgeanne

   . 2003. “Rural Area Brain Drain: Is It a Reality?” Choices (4th Quarter, 2003). Accessed November 14, 2021. http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2003-4/2003-4-03.htm.
7. ↵
   1. Artz, Georgeanne, and
   2. Peter Orazem

   . 2006. “Reexamining Rural Decline: How Changing Rural Classifications Affect Perceived Growth.” Review of Regional Studies 36(2): 31.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Atkinson, Alice M

   . 1994. “Rural and Urban Families’ Use of Child Care.” Family Relations 43(1): 16–22. DOI: 10.2307/585137.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
9. ↵
   1. Austin, Benjamin,
   2. Edward Glaeser, and
   3. Lawrence H. Summers

   . 2018. “Saving the Heartland: Place-Based Policies in 21st Century America.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2018). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/saving-the-heartland-place-based-policies-in-21st-century-america.
10. ↵
    1. Autor, David H

    . 2019. “Work of the Past, Work of the Future.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (May): 1–32. DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20191110.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. ↵
    1. Barnett, Melissa A

    . 2008. “Mother and Grandmother Parenting in Low-Income Three-Generation Rural Households.” Journal of Marriage and Family 70(5): 1241–57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00563.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
12. ↵
    1. Bauch, Patricia A

    . 2001. “School-Community Partnerships in Rural Schools: Leadership, Renewal, and a Sense of Place.” Peabody Journal of Education 76(2): 204–21.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. ↵
    1. Beale, Calvin L

    . 2004. “Anatomy of Nonmetro High Poverty Areas: Common in Plight, Distinctive in Nature.” Amber Waves: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.13183.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. ↵
    1. Beggs, John J.,
    2. Valerie A. Haines, and
    3. Jeanne S. Hurlbert

    . 1996. “Revisiting the Rural-Urban Contrast: Personal Networks in Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan Settings.” Rural Sociology 61(2): 306–25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-0831.1996.tb00622.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
15. ↵
    1. Bell, David

    . 2000. “Farm Boys and Wild Men: Rurality, Masculinity, and Homosexuality.” Rural Sociology 65(4): 547–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2000.tb00043.x.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
16. ↵
    1. Bernsen, Nicole R.,
    2. Mindy S. Crandall,
    3. Jessica E. Leahy, and
    4. Catharine Biddle

    . 2022. “How Far to Go? Community Influences on Youth Educational Aspirations in Rural, Resource-Dependent Places.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(3): 189–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.09.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Betz, Michael R., and
    2. Anastasia Snyder

    . 2017. “Coal and Family Through the Boom and Bust: A Look at the Coal Industry’s Impact on Marriage and Divorce.” Journal of Rural Studies 56:207–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.09.011.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. ↵
    1. Biddle, Catharine,
    2. Ian Mette, and
    3. Kai A. Schafft

    . 2017. “Education and Information.” In Rural Poverty in the United States, edited by Ann R. Tickamyer, Jennifer Sherman, and Jennifer Warlick. New York: Columbia University Press.
19. ↵
    1. Blank, Rebecca M

    . 2005. “Poverty, Policy, and Place: How Poverty and Policies to Alleviate Poverty Are Shaped by Local Characteristics.” International Regional Science Review 28(4): 441–64. DOI: 10.1177/0160017605278999.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. ↵
    1. Boehmer, Tegan K.,
    2. Sarah L. Lovegreen,
    3. Debra Haire-Joshu, and
    4. Ross C. Brownson

    . 2006. “What Constitutes an Obesogenic Environment in Rural Communities?” American Journal of Health Promotion 20(6): 411–21.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. ↵
    1. Bouck, Emily C

    . 2004. “How Size and Setting Impact Education in Rural Schools.” Rural Educator 25(3): 38–42.

    OpenUrl
22. ↵
    1. Bowen, Sarah,
    2. Sinikka Elliott, and
    3. Annie Hardison-Moody

    . 2022. “Rural Food Insecurity: A Longitudinal Analysis of Low-Income Rural Households with Children in the South.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(3): 50–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.02.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Brant, Kristina

    . 2022. “When Mamaw Becomes Mom: Social Capital and Kinship Family Formation amid the Rural Opioid Crisis.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(3): 78–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.03.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Brooks, Matthew M.,
    2. J. Tom Mueller, and
    3. Brian C. Thiede

    . 2020. “County Reclassifications and Rural–Urban Mortality Disparities in the United States (1970–2018).” American Journal of Public Health 110(12): 1814–16. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305895.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
25. ↵
    1. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne,
    2. Greg J. Duncan, and
    3. J. Lawrence Aber

    . 1997. Neighborhood Poverty. Vol. 1, Context and Consequences for Children. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
26. ↵
    1. Brown, J. Brian, and
    2. Daniel T. Lichter

    . 2004. “Poverty, Welfare, and the Livelihood Strategies of Nonmetropolitan Single Mothers.” Rural Sociology 69(2): 282–301. DOI: 10.1526/003601104323087615.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
27. ↵
    1. Brown, David L

    . 2014. “Rural Population Change in Social Context.” In Rural America in a Globalizing World: Problems and Prospects for the 2010’s, edited by Conner Bailey, Leif Jensen, and Elizabeth Ransom. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
28. ↵
    1. Brown, Susan L

    . 2004. “Family Structure and Child Well-Being: The Significance of Parental Cohabitation.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66(2): 351–67. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00025.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
29. ↵
    1. Brown, Susan L., and
    2. Anastasia R. Snyder

    . 2006. “Residential Differences in Cohabitors’ Union Transitions.” Rural Sociology 71(2): 311–34. DOI: 10.1526/003601106777789729.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
30. ↵
    1. Burdick-Will, Julia, and
    2. John R. Logan

    . 2017. “Schools at the Rural-Urban Boundary: Blurring the Divide?” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 185–201. DOI: 10.1177/0002716217707176.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
31. ↵
    1. Burton, Linda M.,
    2. Daniel T. Lichter,
    3. Regina S. Baker, and
    4. John M. Eason

    . 2013. “Inequality, Family Processes, and Health in the ‘New’ Rural America.” American Behavioral Scientist 57(8): 1128–51. DOI: 10.1177/0002764213487348.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
32. ↵
    1. Butler, Jaclyn,
    2. Grace A. Wildermuth,
    3. Brian C. Thiede, and
    4. David L. Brown

    . 2020. “Population Change and Income Inequality in Rural America.” Population Research and Policy Review 39(5): 889–911. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09606-7.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
33. ↵
    1. Byun, Soo-yong,
    2. Judith L. Meece, and
    3. Charlotte A. Agger

    . 2017. “Predictors of College Attendance Patterns of Rural Youth.” Research in Higher Education 58(8): 817–42. DOI: 10.1007/s11162-017-9449-z.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
34. ↵
    1. Byun, Soo-yong,
    2. Judith L. Meece, and
    3. Matthew J. Irvin

    . 2012. “Rural-Nonrural Disparities in Postsecondary Educational Attainment Revisited.” American Educational Research Journal 49(3): 412–37. DOI: 10.3102/0002831211416344.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
35. ↵
    1. Bzostek, Sharon H., and
    2. Lawrence M. Berger

    . 2017. “Family Structure Experiences and Child Socioemotional Development During the First Nine Years of Life: Examining Heterogeneity by Family Structure at Birth.” Demography 54(2): 513–40. DOI: 10.1007/s13524-017-0563-5.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
36. ↵
    1. Carr, Patrick J., and
    2. Maria J. Kefalas

    . 2009. Hollowing Out the Middle: The Rural Brain Drain and What It Means for America. Boston, Mass: Beacon Press.
37. ↵
    1. Carson, Jessica A, and
    2. Marybeth J. Mattingly

    . 2014. “Rural Families and Households and the Decline of Traditional Structure.” In Rural America in a Globalizing World, edited by Conner Bailey, Elizabeth Ransom, and Leif Jensen. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
38. ↵
    1. Case, Anne, and
    2. Angus Deaton

    . 2015. “Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(49): 15078–83. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518393112.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
39. ↵
    1. Cather, Willa

    . 1918. My Ántonia. Boston, Mass.: Houghton-Mifflin Company.
40. ↵
    1. Cavanagh, Shannon E., and
    2. Paula Fomby

    . 2019. “Family Instability in the Lives of American Children.” Annual Review of Sociology 45(1): 493–513. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022633.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
41. ↵
    1. Cenegy, Laura Freeman,
    2. Justin T. Denney, and
    3. Rachel Tolbert Kimbro

    . 2018. “Family Diversity and Child Health: Where Do Same-Sex Couple Families Fit?” Journal of Marriage and Family 80(1): 198–218. DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12437.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
42. ↵
    1. Chalfant, H. Paul, and
    2. Peter L. Heller

    . 1991. “Rural/Urban Versus Regional Differences in Religiosity.” Review of Religious Research 33(1): 76–86. DOI: 10.2307/3511262.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
43. ↵
    1. Chan, Leighton, L.
    2. Gary Hart, and
    3. David C. Goodman

    . 2006. “Geographic Access to Health Care for Rural Medicare Beneficiaries.” Journal of Rural Health 22(2): 140–46. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2006.00022.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
44. ↵
    1. Cheng, Simon, and
    2. Brian Powell

    . 2015. “Measurement, Methods, and Divergent Patterns: Reassessing the Effects of Same-Sex Parents.” Social Science Research 52: 615–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.04.005.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
45. ↵
    1. Chetty, Raj,
    2. John N. Friedman,
    3. Nathaniel Hendren,
    4. Maggie R. Jones, and
    5. Sonya R. Porter

    . 2018. “The Opportunity Atlas: Mapping the Childhood Roots of Social Mobility.” NBER working paper no. w25147. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.nber.org/papers/w25147.
46. ↵
    1. Chetty, Raj, and
    2. Nathaniel Hendren

    . 2018a. “The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility I: Childhood Exposure Effects.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 133(3): 1107–62. DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjy007.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
47. ↵
    1. Chetty, Raj

    . 2018b. “The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility II: County-Level Estimates.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 133(3): 1163–228. DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjy006.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
48. ↵
    1. Chetty, Raj,
    2. Nathaniel Hendren, and
    3. Lawrence F. Katz

    . 2016. “The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment.” American Economic Review 106(4): 855–902. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20150572.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
49. ↵
    1. Chetty, Raj,
    2. Nathaniel Hendren,
    3. Patrick Kline, and
    4. Emmanuel Saez

    . 2014. “Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(4): 1553–623. DOI: 10.1093/qje/qju022.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. ↵
    1. Choi, HwaJung,
    2. Robert F. Schoeni,
    3. Emily E. Wiemers,
    4. V. Joseph Hotz, and
    5. Judith A. Seltzer

    . 2020. “Spatial Distance Between Parents and Adult Children in the United States.” Journal of Marriage and Family 82(2): 822–40. DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12606.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
51. ↵
    1. Clark, Shelley

    . 2021. “A Life Course Perspective on BMI in Rural America.” Health & Place 69 (May): 102562. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102562.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
52. ↵
    1. Clark, Shelley,
    2. Elizabeth Lawrence, and
    3. Shannon Monnat

    . forthcoming. “Support from Adult Children and Parental Health in Rural America.” Journal of Rural Social Sciences.
53. ↵
    1. Coleman-Jensen, Alisha,
    2. Barry Steffen, and
    3. Sarah Whitley

    . 2017. “Food Insecurity and Housing Insecurity.” In Rural Poverty in the United States, edited by Ann R. Tickamyer, Jennifer Sherman, and Jennifer Warlick. New York: Columbia University Press.
54. ↵
    1. Cornwell, Erin York, and
    2. Matthew Hall

    . 2017. “Neighborhood Problems across the Rural-Urban Continuum: Geographic Trends and Racial and Ethnic Disparities.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 238–56. DOI: 10.1177/0002716217713171.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
55. ↵
    1. Cosby, Arthur G.,
    2. M. Maya McDoom-Echebiri,
    3. Wesley James,
    4. Hasna Khandekar,
    5. Willie Brown, and
    6. Heather L. Hanna

    . 2018. “Growth and Persistence of Place-Based Mortality in the United States: The Rural Mortality Penalty.” American Journal of Public Health 109(1): 155–62. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304787.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
56. ↵
    1. Cossman, Jeralynn,
    2. Wesley James, and
    3. Julia Kay Wolf

    . 2017. “The Differential Effects of Rural Health Care Access on Race-Specific Mortality.” SSM—Population Health 3: 618–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.07.013.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
57. ↵
    1. Cramer, Katherine

    . 2016. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. ↵
    1. Cromartie, John

    . 2017. “Rural America at a Glance, 2017 Edition.” Economic Information Bulletin no. EIB-182. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/85740/eib-182.pdf.
59. ↵
    1. Cromartie, John,
    2. Elizabeth A. Dobis,
    3. Thomas Krumel,
    4. David A. McGranahan, and
    5. John Pender

    . 2020. “Rural America at a Glance: 2020 Edition.” Economic Information Bulletin no. EIB-212. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
60. ↵
    1. Demi, Mary Ann,
    2. Alisha Coleman-Jensen, and
    3. Anastasia R. Snyder

    . 2010. “The Rural Context and Post-secondary School Enrollment: An Ecological Systems Approach.” Journal of Research in Rural Education 25(7). https://jrre.psu.edu/sites/default/files/2019-08/25-7.pdf.
61. ↵
    1. Diez Roux, Ana V., and
    2. Christina Mair

    . “Neighborhoods and Health.” 2010. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1186(1): 125–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x.
62. ↵
    1. Dillon, Michele, and
    2. Megan Henly

    . 2008. “Religion, Politics and the Environment in Rural America.” Issue Brief No. 3, Fall. Durham: University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Policy. DOI: 10.34051/p/2020.47.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
63. ↵
    1. Drescher, Jessica,
    2. Anne Podolsky,
    3. Sean F. Reardon, and
    4. Gabrielle Torrance

    . 2022. “The Geography of Rural Educational Opportunity.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(3): 123–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.05.

    OpenUrl
64. ↵
    1. Duncan, Cynthia M

    . 2015. Worlds Apart: Poverty and Politics in Rural America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
65. ↵
    1. Economic Research Service

    . 2011. “Nonmetro High-Minority Counties.” Last updated October 19, 2011. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=75271.
66. ↵
    1. Economic Research Service

    . 2019a. “Descriptions and Maps.” Last updated October 23, 2019. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/county-typology-codes/descriptions-and-maps.
67. ↵
    1. Economic Research Service

    . 2019b. “Rural Employment and Unemployment.” Last updated September 23, 2019. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/employment-education/rural-employment-and-unemployment.
68. ↵
    1. Economic Research Service

    . 2019c. “Shifting Geography of Population Change.” Last updated August 20, 2019. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/population-migration/shifting-geography-of-population-change.
69. ↵
    1. Economic Research Service

    . 2019d. “What Is Rural?” Last updated October 23, 2019. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/rural-classifications/what-is-rural.
70. ↵
    1. Economic Research Service

    . 2020a. “Racial and Ethnic Minorities Made Up About 22 Percent of the Rural Population in 2018, Compared to 43 Percent in Urban Areas.” Last updated October 13, 2020. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=99538.
71. ↵
    1. Economic Research Service

    . 2020b. “Rural Poverty & Well-Being.” Last updated September 17, 2020. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/rural-poverty-well-being.
72. ↵
    1. Elder, Glen H., Jr.., and
    2. Rand D. Conger

    . 2014. Children of the Land: Adversity and Success in Rural America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
73. ↵
    1. Elo, Irma T.,
    2. Arun S. Hendi,
    3. Jessica Y. Ho,
    4. Yana C. Vierboom, and
    5. Samuel H. Preston

    . 2019. “Trends in Non-Hispanic White Mortality in the United States by Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan Status and Region, 1990–2016.” Population and Development Review 45(3): 549–83. DOI: 10.1111/padr.12249.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
74. ↵
    1. Ely, Danielle M., and
    2. Brady E. Hamilton

    . 2018. “Trends in Fertility and Mother’s Age at First Birth Among Rural and Metropolitan Counties: United States, 2007–2017.” NCHS Data Brief no. 323 (October): 1–8.

    OpenUrl
75. ↵
    1. Faggian, Alessandra,
    2. Jonathan Corcoran, and
    3. Francisco Rowe

    . 2017. “Special Issue on Youth and Graduate Migration.” Annals of Regional Science 59(3): 571–75. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00168-017-0845-2.

    OpenUrl
76. ↵
    1. Fisher, Monica G., and
    2. Bruce A. Weber

    . 2004. “Does Economic Vulnerability Depend on Place of Residence? Asset Poverty Across The Rural-Urban Continuum.” RPPC working paper no. 18911. Corvallis: Oregon State University, Rural Poverty Research Center. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.1891.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
77. ↵
    1. Fishman, Dan

    . 2015. “School Reform for Rural America.” Education Next 15(3). Accessed November 14, 2021. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1683512565/abstract/D1BCD102C7E14DE2PQ/1.
78. ↵
    1. Francis, Robert D

    . 2022. “Movin’ On Up? The Role of Growing Up Rural in Shaping Why Working-Class Men Do—and Don’t—Seek to Improve Their Labor-Market Prospects.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(4): 68–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.4.03.

    OpenUrl
79. ↵
    1. Gagnon, Douglas J., and
    2. Marybeth J. Mattingly

    . 2018. “Racial/Ethnic Test Score Gaps and the Urban Continuum.” Journal of Research in Rural Education 33(2): 1–16. DOI: 10.18113/P8JRRE3302.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
80. ↵
    1. Garcia, Macarena C.,
    2. Mark Faul,
    3. Greta Massetti,
    4. Cheryll C. Thomas,
    5. Yuling Hong,
    6. Ursula E. Bauer, and
    7. Michael F. Iademarco

    . 2017. “Reducing Potentially Excess Deaths from the Five Leading Causes of Death in the Rural United States.” MMWR Surveillance Summaries 66(2): 1–7. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6602a1.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
81. ↵
    1. Garcia, Macarena C.,
    2. Lauren M. Rossen,
    3. Brigham Bastian,
    4. Mark Faul,
    5. Nicole F. Dowling,
    6. Cheryll C. Thomas,
    7. Linda Schieb,
    8. Yuling Hong,
    9. Paula W. Yoon, and
    10. Michael F. Iademarco

    . 2019. “Potentially Excess Deaths from the Five Leading Causes of Death in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Counties — United States, 2010–2017.” MMWR Surveillance Summaries 68(10): 1–11. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6810a1.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
82. ↵
    1. Gibson, John, and
    2. David McKenzie

    . 2012. “The Economic Consequences of ‘Brain Drain’ of the Best and Brightest: Microeconomic Evidence from Five Countries.” Economic Journal 122(560): 339–75. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02498.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
83. ↵
    1. Gimpel, James
    2. G., Nathan
    3. Lovin, Bryant Moy, and
    4. Andrew Reeves

    . 2020. “The Urban–Rural Gulf in American Political Behavior.” Political Behavior 42(4): 1343–68. DOI: 10.1007/s11109-20-09601-w.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
84. ↵
    1. Glauber, Rebecca, and
    2. Justin Robert Young

    . 2015. “On the Fringe: Family-Friendly Benefits and the Rural–Urban Gap Among Working Women.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 36(1): 97–113. DOI: 10.1007/s10834-014-9418-z.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
85. ↵
    1. Goetz, Stephan J.,
    2. Mark D. Partridge, and
    3. Heather M. Stephens

    . 2018. “The Economic Status of Rural America in the President Trump Era and Beyond.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 40(1): 97–118. DOI: 10.1093/aepp/ppx061.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
86. ↵
    1. Gould, Eric D.,
    2. Victor Lavy, and
    3. M. Daniele Paserman

    . 2011. “Sixty Years After the Magic Carpet Ride: The Long-Run Effect of the Early Childhood Environment on Social and Economic Outcomes.” Review of Economic Studies 78(3): 938–73. DOI: 10.1093/restud/rdq038.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
87. ↵
    1. Gundersen, Craig,
    2. Adam Dewey,
    3. Monica Hake,
    4. Emily Engelhard, and
    5. Amy S. Crumbaugh

    . 2017. “Food Insecurity Across the Rural-Urban Divide: Are Counties in Need Being Reached by Charitable Food Assistance?” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 217–37. DOI: 10.1177/0002716217710172.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
88. ↵
    1. Hamilton, Brady E.,
    2. Lauren M. Rossen, and
    3. Amy M. Branum

    . 2016. “Teen Birth Rates for Urban and Rural Areas in the United States, 2007–2015.” Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics.
89. ↵
    1. Hamilton, Lawrence,
    2. Leslie Hamilton,
    3. Cynthia M. Duncan, and
    4. Chris Colocousis

    . 2008. “Place Matters: Challenges and Opportunities in Four Rural Americas.” Durham: University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Policy. Accessed November 14, 2021. DOI: 10.34051/p/2020.41.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
90. ↵
    1. Harper, Sam,
    2. Corinne A. Riddell, and
    3. Nicholas B. King

    . 2021. “Declining Life Expectancy in the United States: Missing the Trees for the Forest.” Annual Review of Public Health 42(1): 381–403. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082619-104231.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
91. ↵
    1. Hayward, Mark D., and
    2. Bridget K. Gorman

    . 2004. “The Long Arm of Childhood: The Influence of Early-Life Social Conditions on Men’s Mortality.” Demography 41(1): 87–107. DOI: 10.1353/dem.2004.0005.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
92. ↵
    1. Heaton, Tim B.,
    2. Daniel T. Lichter, and
    3. Acheampong Amoateng

    . 1989. “The Timing of Family Formation: Rural-Urban Differentials in First Intercourse, Childbirth, and Marriage.” Rural Sociology 54(1): 1–16.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
93. ↵
    1. Hertz, Tom, and
    2. Tracey Farrigan

    . 2016. “Understanding the Rise in Rural Child Poverty, 2003–2014.” Economic Research Report no. ERR-208. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
94. 1. Hines, Fred K.,
    2. David L. Brown, and
    3. John M. Zimmer

    . 1975. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Population in Metro and Nonmetro Counties, 1970. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
95. ↵
    1. Hochschild, Arlie

    . 2016. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York: New Press.
96. ↵
    1. Howley, Caitlin W

    . 2006. “Remote Possibilities: Rural Children’s Educational Aspirations.” Peabody Journal of Education 81(2): 62–80. DOI: 10.1207/S15327930pje8102_4.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
97. ↵
    1. Irvin, Matthew J.,
    2. Soo-yong Byun,
    3. Judith L. Meece, and
    4. Thomas W. Farmer

    . 2012. “Educational Barriers of Rural Youth: Relation of Individual and Contextual Difference Variables.” Journal of Career Assessment 20(1): 71–87. DOI: 10.1177/1069072711420105.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
98. ↵
    1. James, Wesley L

    . 2014. “All Rural Places Are Not Created Equal: Revisiting the Rural Mortality Penalty in the United States.” American Journal of Public Health 104(11): 2122–29. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301989.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
99. ↵
    1. Johnson, James A., and
    2. Asal M. Johnson

    . 2015. “Urban-Rural Differences in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Childhood Obesity 11(3): 233–41. DOI: 10.1089/chi.2014.0085.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
100. ↵
     1. Johnson, Kenneth M

     . 1989. “Recent Population Redistribution Trends in Nonmetropolitan America.” Rural Sociology 54(3): 301–26.

     OpenUrlWeb of Science
101. ↵
     1. Johnson, Kenneth M

     . 2012. “Rural Demographic Change in the New Century: Slower Growth, Increased Diversity.” Issue Brief no. 44. Durham University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Policy. https://scholars.unh.edu/carsey/159.
102. ↵
     1. Johnson, Kenneth M

     . 2014. “Demographic Trends in Nonmetropolitan America: 2000 to 2010.” In Rural America in a Globalizing World: Problems and Prospects for the 2010s, edited by Conner Bailey, Leif Jensen, and Elizabeth Ransom. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
103. ↵
     1. Johnson, Kenneth M., and
     2. Daniel T. Lichter

     . 2020. “Metropolitan Reclassification and the Urbanization of Rural America.” Demography 57(5): 1929–50. DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00912–5.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
104. ↵
     1. Johnson, Monica Kirkpatrick,
     2. Glen H. Elder Jr.., and
     3. Michael Stern

     . 2005. “Attachments to Family and Community and the Young Adult Transition of Rural Youth.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 15(1): 99–125. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00088.x.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
105. ↵
     1. Jokela, Markus,
     2. Mika Kivimäki,
     3. Marko Elovainio,
     4. Jorma Viikari,
     5. Olli T. Raitakari, and
     6. Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen

     . 2009. “Urban/Rural Differences in Body Weight: Evidence for Social Selection and Causation Hypotheses in Finland.” Social Science & Medicine 68(5): 867–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.022.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
106. ↵
     1. Karim, Saleema A., and
     2. Hsueh-Fen Chen

     . 2021. “Deaths From COVID-19 in Rural, Micropolitan, and Metropolitan Areas: A County-Level Comparison.” Journal of Rural Health 37(1): 124–32. DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12533.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
107. ↵
     1. Karmakar, Monita,
     2. Paula M. Lantz, and
     3. Renuka Tipirneni

     . 2021. “Association of Social and Demographic Factors with COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates in the US.” JAMA Network Open 4(1): e2036462. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36462.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
108. ↵
     1. Keister, Lisa A.,
     2. James W. Moody, and
     3. Tom Wolff

     . 2022. “Rural Kids and Wealth.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(4): 155–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.4.07.

     OpenUrl
109. ↵
     1. Kiang, Mathew V.,
     2. Sanjay Basu,
     3. Jarvis Chen, and
     4. Monica J. Alexander

     . 2019. “Assessment of Changes in the Geographical Distribution of Opioid-Related Mortality Across the United States by Opioid Type, 1999–2016.” JAMA Network Open 2(2): e190040. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0040.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
110. ↵
     1. Koricich, Andrew,
     2. Xi Chen, and
     3. Rodney P. Hughes

     . 2017. “Understanding the Effects of Rurality and Socioeconomic Status on College Attendance and Institutional Choice in the United States.” Review of Higher Education 41(2): 281–305. DOI: 10.1353/rhe.2018.0004.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
111. ↵
     1. Kravitz-Wirtz, Nicole

     . 2016. “Temporal Effects of Child and Adolescent Exposure to Neighborhood Disadvantage on Black/White Disparities in Young Adult Obesity.” Journal of Adolescent Health 58(5): 551–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.01.004.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
112. ↵
     1. Lamkin, Marcia L

     . 2018. “Challenges and Changes Faced by Rural Superintendents.” Rural Educator 28(1): 17–24. DOI: 10.35608/ruraled.v28i1.486.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
113. ↵
     1. Lawrence, Elizabeth,
     2. Robert A. Hummer, and
     3. Kathleen Mullan Harris

     . 2017. “The Cardiovascular Health of Young Adults: Disparities along the Urban-Rural Continuum.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 257–81. DOI: 10.1177/0002716217711426.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
114. ↵
     1. Lee, Barrett A., and
     2. Gregory Sharp

     . 2017. “Ethnoracial Diversity Across the Rural-Urban Continuum.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 26–45. DOI: 10.1177/0002716217708560.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
115. ↵
     1. Lee, Mark

     . 2019. “Obesity Among U.S. Rural Adults: Assessing Selection and Causation with Prospective Cohort Data.” Health & Place, November. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102260.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
116. ↵
     1. Leider, Jonathon P.,
     2. Michael Meit,
     3. J. Mac Mc-Cullough,
     4. Beth Resnick,
     5. Debra Dekker,
     6. Y. Natalia Alfonso, and
     7. David Bishai

     . 2020. “The State of Rural Public Health: Enduring Needs in a New Decade.” American Journal of Public Health 110(9): 1283–90. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305728.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
117. ↵
     1. Leventhal, Tama, and
     2. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn

     . 2000. “The Neighborhoods They Live In: The Effects of Neighborhood Residence on Child and Adolescent Outcomes.” Psychological Bulletin 126(2): 309–37. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.309.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
118. ↵
     1. Lichter, Daniel T

     . 2012. “Immigration and the New Racial Diversity in Rural America.” Rural Sociology 77(1): 3–35. DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00070.x.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
119. ↵
     1. Lichter, Daniel T., and
     2. David L. Brown

     . 2011. “Rural America in an Urban Society: Changing Spatial and Social Boundaries.” Annual Review of Sociology 37(1): 565–92. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150208.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
120. ↵
     1. Lichter, Daniel T.,
     2. David L. Brown, and
     3. Domenico Parisi

     . 2021. “The Rural–Urban Interface: Rural and Small Town Growth at the Metropolitan Fringe.” Population, Space and Place 27(3): e2415. DOI: 10.1002/psp.2415.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
121. ↵
     1. Lichter, Daniel T., and
     2. Deborah R. Graefe

     . 2011. “Rural Economic Restructuring: Implications for Children, Youth, and Families.” In Economic Restructuring and Family Well-Being in Rural America, edited by Kristin E. Smith and Ann R. Tickamyer. University Park: Penn State University Press.
122. ↵
     1. Lichter, Daniel T., and
     2. Kenneth M. Johnson

     . 2007. “The Changing Spatial Concentration of America’s Rural Poor Population.” Rural Sociology 72(3): 331–58. DOI: 10.1526/003601107781799290.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
123. ↵
     1. Lichter, Daniel T

     . 2020. “A Demographic Lifeline? Immigration and Hispanic Population Growth in Rural America.” Population Research and Policy Review 39(5): 785–803. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09605-8.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
124. ↵
     1. Lichter, Daniel T., and
     2. Kai A. Schafft

     . 2016. “People and Places Left Behind: Rural Poverty in the New Century.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty, edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
125. ↵
     1. Lichter, Daniel T., and
     2. James P. Ziliak

     . 2017. “The Rural-Urban Interface: New Patterns of Spatial Interdependence and Inequality in America.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 6–25. DOI: 10.1177/0002716217714180.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
126. ↵
     1. Lindahl, Ronald A

     . 2011. “The State of Education in Alabama’s K-12 Rural Public Schools.” Rural Educator 32(2): 1–12.

     OpenUrl
127. ↵
     1. Liu, Ji-Hong,
     2. Sonya J. Jones,
     3. Han Sun,
     4. Janice C. Probst,
     5. Anwar T. Merchant, and
     6. Philip Cavicchia

     . 2012. “Diet, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behaviors as Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity: An Urban and Rural Comparison.” Childhood Obesity 8(5): 440–48. DOI: 10.1089/chi.2012.0090.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
128. ↵
     1. Livingston, Gretchen

     . 2018. “Family Life Is Changing in Urban, Suburban and Rural Communities in the U.S.” Pew Research Center (blog), June 19, 2018. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/06/19/family-life-is-changing-in-different-ways-across-urban-suburban-and-rural-communities-in-the-u-s.
129. ↵
     1. Lobao, Linda

     . 2014. “Economic Change, Structural Forces, and Rural America: Shifting Fortunes across Communities.” In Rural America in a Globalizing World: Problems and Prospects for the 2010s, edited by Conner Bailey, Leif Jensen, and Elizabeth Ransom. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
130. ↵
     1. Ludden, Alison Bryant

     . 2011. “Engagement in School and Community Civic Activities Among Rural Adolescents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40(9): 1254–70. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-010-9536-3.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
131. ↵
     1. MacQueen, Ian T.,
     2. Melinda Maggard-Gibbons,
     3. Gina Capra,
     4. Laura Raaen,
     5. Jesus G. Ulloa,
     6. Paul G. Shekelle,
     7. Isomi Miake-Lye,
     8. Jessica M. Beroes, and
     9. Susanne Hempel

     . 2018. “Recruiting Rural Healthcare Providers Today: A Systematic Review of Training Program Success and Determinants of Geographic Choices.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33(2): 191–99. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-017-4210-z.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
132. ↵
     1. MacTavish, Katherine, and
     2. Sonya Salamon

     . 2004. “What Do Rural Families Look Like Today?” In Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-First Century, edited by David L. Brown and Louis E. Swanson. University Park: Penn State University Press.
133. ↵
     1. Marré, Alexander

     . 2017. “Rural Education at a Glance, 2017.” Economic Research Bulletin no. 171. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/83078/eib-171.pdf.
134. ↵
     1. Mattingly, Marybeth J., and
     2. Kristin E. Smith

     . 2010. “Changes in Wives’ Employment When Husbands Stop Working: A Recession-Prosperity Comparison.” Family Relations 59(4): 343–57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00607.x.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
135. ↵
     1. McGrath, Daniel J.,
     2. Raymond R. Swisher,
     3. Glen H. Elder Jr.., and
     4. Rand D. Conger

     . 2001. “Breaking New Ground: Diverse Routes to College in Rural America.” Rural Sociology 66(2): 244–67.

     OpenUrlWeb of Science
136. ↵
     1. McLaughlin, Diane K.,
     2. Carla M. Shoff, and
     3. Mary Ann Demi

     . 2014. “Influence of Perceptions of Current and Future Community on Residential Aspirations of Rural Youth.” Rural Sociology 79(4): 453–77. DOI: 10.1111/ruso.12044.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
137. ↵
     1. Mellander, Charlotta,
     2. Richard Florida, and
     3. Kevin Stolarick

     . 2011. “Here to Stay—The Effects of Community Satisfaction on the Decision to Stay.” Spatial Economic Analysis 6(1): 5–24. DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2010.540031.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
138. ↵
     1. Miller, Emily E. N., and
     2. Kathryn Edin

     . 2022. “Coming of Age in Appalachia, Emerging or Expedited Adulthood?” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(4): 50–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.02.

     OpenUrl
139. ↵
     1. Miranda, Alejandra, and
     2. Michael Rodriguez

     . 2022. “Contexts of Educational Aspirations and School Grades of Rural Students.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(3): 172–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.07.

     OpenUrl
140. ↵
     1. Monk, David H

     . 2007. “Recruiting and Retaining High-Quality Teachers in Rural Areas.” The Future of Children 17(1): 155–74. DOI: 10.1353/foc.2007.0009.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
141. ↵
     1. Monnat, Shannon M

     . 2018. “Factors Associated With County-Level Differences in U.S. Drug-Related Mortality Rates.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 54(5): 611–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.040.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
142. ↵
     1. Monnat, Shannon M

     . 2020. “Trends in U.S. Working-Age Non-Hispanic White Mortality: Rural–Urban and Within-Rural Differences.” Population Research and Policy Review 39(5): 805–34. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09607-6.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
143. ↵
     1. Monnat, Shannon M., and
     2. David L. Brown

     . 2017. “More Than a Rural Revolt: Landscapes of Despair and the 2016 Presidential Election.” Journal of Rural Studies 55: 227–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.010.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
144. ↵
     1. Morrissey, Taryn W.,
     2. Scott W. Allard, and
     3. Elizabeth Pelletier

     . 2022. “Access to Early Care and Education in Rural Communities: Implications for Children’s School Readiness.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(3): 100–123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.04.

     OpenUrl
145. ↵
     1. Moy, Ernest

     . 2017. “Leading Causes of Death in Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan Areas — United States, 1999–2014.” MMWR Surveillance Summaries 66(1): 1–8. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6601a1.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
146. ↵
     1. Mueller, J. Tom,
     2. Kathryn McConnell,
     3. Paul Berne Burow,
     4. Katie Pofahl,
     5. Alexis A. Merdjanoff, and
     6. Justin Farrell

     . 2021. “Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rural America.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(1). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019378118.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
147. 1. Mueller, Keith J.,
     2. Andrew F. Coburn,
     3. Alana Knudson,
     4. Jennifer P. Lundblad,
     5. A. Clinton MacKinney,
     6. Timothy D. McBride,
     7. Erin Mobley,
     8. Fred Ullrich, and
     9. Abigail Barker

     . 2020. “Considerations for Defining Rural Places in Health Policies and Programs.” Rural Policy Research Institute. Accessed March 1, 2022. https://rupri.org/wp-content/uploads/Considerations-For-Defining-Rural-Places.pdf..
148. ↵
     1. Mushinski, David,
     2. Stephan Weiler, and
     3. Benjamin Widner

     . 2014. “The Impact of Retail Establishments in Hinterlands on the Export Role of Retail Establishments in Rural Places.” Annals of Regional Science 52(2): 469–87. DOI: 10.1007/s00168-014-0595-3.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
149. ↵
     1. National Center for Health Statistics

     . 2019. “Health, United States, 2018.” Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics.
150. ↵
     1. Nelson, Ingrid A

     . 2016. “Rural Students’ Social Capital in the College Search and Application Process.” Rural Sociology 81(2): 249–81. DOI: 10.1111/ruso.12095.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
151. ↵
     1. Ng, Alisson Stewart, and
     2. Kelleen Kaye

     . 2015. “Sex in the (Non) City: Teen Childbearing in Rural America.” Washington, D.C.: Power to Decide. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://powertodecide.org/what-we-do/information/resource-library/sex-in-the-non-city.
152. ↵
     1. Niccolai, Ashley R.,
     2. Sarah Damaske, and
     3. Jason Park

     . 2022. “We Won’t Be Able to Find Jobs Here: How Growing Up in Rural America Shapes Decisions About Work.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(4): 87–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.4.04.

     OpenUrl
153. ↵
     1. Nolan, Laura B.,
     2. Jane Waldfogel, and
     3. Christopher Wimer

     . 2017. “Long-Term Trends in Rural and Urban Poverty: New Insights Using a Historical Supplemental Poverty Measure.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 123–42. DOI: 10.1177/0002716217713174.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
154. ↵
     1. Nunn, Ryan, and
     2. Jay Shambaugh

     . 2018. Place-Based Policies for Shared Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/multi-chapter-report/place-based-policies-for-shared-economic-growth.
155. ↵
     1. Ogden, Cynthia L.,
     2. Cheryl D. Fryar,
     3. Craig M. Hales,
     4. Margaret D. Carroll,
     5. Yutaka Aoki, and
     6. David S. Freedman

     . 2018. “Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013–2016.” JAMA 319(23): 2410–18. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.5158.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
156. ↵
     1. O’Hare, William, and
     2. Alisson Churilla

     . 2008. “Rural Children Now Less Likely to Live in Married-Couple Families.” Fact Sheet no. 13. Durham: University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Policy.
157. ↵
     1. O’Hare, William,
     2. Wendy Manning,
     3. Meredith Porter, and
     4. Heidi Lyons

     . 2009. “Rural Children Are More Likely to Live in Cohabiting-Couple Households.” Durham: University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Policy.
158. ↵
     1. Pacas, José D., and
     2. David W. Rothwell

     . 2020. “Why Is Poverty Higher in Rural America According to the Supplemental Poverty Measure? An Investigation of the Geographic Adjustment.” Population Research and Policy Review 39(5): 941–75. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09612-9.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
159. ↵
     1. Panico, Lidia,
     2. Melanie Bartley,
     3. Yvonne J Kelly,
     4. Anne McMunn, and
     5. Amanda Sacker

     . 2019. “Family Structure Trajectories and Early Child Health in the UK: Pathways to Health.” Social Science & Medicine 232: 220–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.006.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
160. ↵
     1. Parker, Emily,
     2. Laura Tach, and
     3. Cassandra Robertson

     . 2022. “Do Federal Place-Based Policies Improve Economic Opportunity in Rural Communities?” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(4): 125–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.4.06.

     OpenUrl
161. ↵
     1. Parsons, Ryan

     . 2022. “Moving Out to Move Up: Higher Education as a Mobility Pathway in the Rural South.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(3): 208–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.09.

     OpenUrl
162. ↵
     1. Patterson, Kira A. E.,
     2. Seana L. Gall,
     3. Alison J. Venn,
     4. Petr Otahal,
     5. Leigh Blizzard,
     6. Terry Dwyer, and
     7. Verity J. Cleland

     . 2017. “Accumulated Exposure to Rural Areas of Residence over the Life Course Is Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Adulthood: A 25-Year Prospective Cohort Study.” Annals of Epidemiology 27(3): 169–175.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.01.007.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
163. ↵
     1. Pearce, Jamie R

     . 2018. “Complexity and Uncertainty in Geography of Health Research: Incorporating Life-Course Perspectives.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 108(6): 1491–98. DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1416280.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
164. ↵
     1. Pender, John,
     2. Thomas Hertz,
     3. John Cromartie, and
     4. Tracey Farrigan

     . 2019. “Rural America at a Glance, 2019 Edition.” Economic Information Bulletin no. EIB-212. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/95341/eib-212.pdf.
165. ↵
     1. Peters, David J.,
     2. Shannon M. Monnat,
     3. Andrew L. Hochstetler, and
     4. Mark T. Berg

     . 2020. “The Opioid Hydra: Understanding Overdose Mortality Epidemics and Syndemics Across the Rural-Urban Continuum.” Rural Sociology 85(3): 589–622. DOI: 10.1111/ruso.12307.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
166. ↵
     1. Petrin, Robert A.,
     2. Kai A. Schafft, and
     3. Judith L. Meece

     . 2014. “Educational Sorting and Residential Aspirations Among Rural High School Students: What Are the Contributions of Schools and Educators to Rural Brain Drain?” American Educational Research Journal 51(2): 294–326. DOI: 10.3102/0002831214527493.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
167. ↵
     1. Poston, Dudley L., and
     2. Yu-Ting Chang

     . 2016. “Patterns of Gay Male and Lesbian Partnering in the Metropolitan Areas of the United States in 2010.” Frontiers in Sociology 1. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2016.00012.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
168. ↵
     1. Preston, Deborah Bray, and
     2. Anthony R. D’Augelli

     . 2014. The Challenges of Being a Rural Gay Man: Coping with Stigma. New York: Routledge.
169. ↵
     1. Preston, Samuel H.,
     2. Mark E. Hill, and
     3. Greg L. Drevenstedt

     . 1998. “Childhood Conditions that Predict Survival to Advanced Ages Among African-Americans.” Social Science & Medicine 47(9): 1231–46. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00180-4.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
170. ↵
     1. Probst, Janice C.,
     2. Judith C. Barker,
     3. Alexandra Enders, and
     4. Paula Gardiner

     . 2018. “Current State of Child Health in Rural America: How Context Shapes Children’s Health.” Journal of Rural Health 34 (Suppl 1): S3–12. DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12222.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
171. ↵
     1. Provasnik, Stephen,
     2. Angelina KewalRamani,
     3. Mary McLaughlin Coleman,
     4. Lauren Gilbertson,
     5. Will Herring, and
     6. Qingshu Xie

     . 2007. Status of Education in Rural America. NCES no. 2007-040. Washington: U.S. Department of Education.
172. ↵
     1. Rabbitt, Matthew P.,
     2. Alisha Coleman-Jensen, and
     3. Christian A. Gregory

     . 2017. “Understanding the Prevalence, Severity, and Distribution of Food Insecurity in the United States.” Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2017/september/understanding-the-prevalence-severity-and-distribution-of-food-insecurity-in-the-united-states.
173. ↵
     1. Ratcliffe, Michael,
     2. Charlynn Burd,
     3. Kelly Holder, and
     4. Alison Fields

     . 2016. “Defining Rural at the U.S. Census Bureau.” Report no. ACSGEO-1. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau.
174. ↵
     1. Reczek, Corinne,
     2. Russell Spiker,
     3. Hui Liu, and
     4. Robert Crosnoe

     . 2016. “Family Structure and Child Health: Does the Sex Composition of Parents Matter?” Demography 53(5): 1605–30. DOI: 10.1007/s13524-016-0501-y.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
175. ↵
     1. Reichert, Christiane von,
     2. John B. Cromartie, and
     3. Ryan O. Arthun

     . 2011. “Returning Home and Making a Living: Employment Strategies of Returning Migrants to Rural U.S. Communities.” Journal of Rural and Community Development 6(2): 35–52.

     OpenUrl
176. ↵
     1. Robbins, Benjamin M

     . 2012. “‘People Like Us Don’t Go There’: Local Culture and College Aspirations in Rural Nebraska.” Yale Journal of Sociology 9 (Fall): 98–129.

     OpenUrl
177. ↵
     1. Roberts, Evan,
     2. Wendy Rahn, and
     3. DeAnn Lazovich

     . 2022. “Life-Course Transitions in Rural Residence and Old-Age Mortality in Iowa, 1930–2014.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(4): 106–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.4.05.

     OpenUrl
178. ↵
     1. Robinson, Lara R.,
     2. Joseph R. Holbrook,
     3. Rebecca H. Bitsko,
     4. Sophie A. Hartwig,
     5. Jennifer W. Kaminski,
     6. Reem M. Ghandour,
     7. Georgina Peacock,
     8. Akilah Heggs, and
     9. Coleen A. Boyle

     . 2017. “Differences in Health Care, Family, and Community Factors Associated with Mental, Behavioral, and Developmental Disorders Among Children Aged 2–8 Years in Rural and Urban Areas—United States, 2011–2012.” MMWR Surveillance Summaries 66(8): 1–11. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6608a1.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
179. ↵
     1. Rosenblatt, Roger A.,
     2. Frederick M. Chen,
     3. Denise M. Lishner, and
     4. Mark P. Doescher

     . 2010. “The Future of Family Medicine and Implications for Rural Primary Care Physician Supply.” Final Report no. 125. Seattle: Rural Health Research Center. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://depts.washington.edu/uwrhrc/uploads/RHRC_FR125_Rosenblatt.pdf.
180. ↵
     1. Roth, Gregory A.,
     2. Laura Dwyer-Lindgren,
     3. Amelia Bertozzi-Villa,
     4. Rebecca W. Stubbs,
     5. Chloe Morozoff,
     6. Mohsen Naghavi,
     7. Ali H. Mokdad, and
     8. Christopher J. L. Murray

     . 2017. “Trends and Patterns of Geographic Variation in Cardiovascular Mortality Among US Counties, 1980–2014.” Journal of the American Medical Association 317(19): 1976–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.4150.

     OpenUrl
181. ↵
     1. Rothwell, David W, and
     2. Brian C. Thiede

     . 2018. “Child Poverty in Rural America.” IRP Focus 34(3): 20–29.

     OpenUrl
182. ↵
     1. Ryser, Laura, and
     2. Greg Halseth

     . 2010. “Rural Economic Development: A Review of the Literature from Industrialized Economies.” Geography Compass 4(6): 510–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00321.x.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
183. ↵
     1. Sampson, Robert J

     . 2008. “Moving to Inequality: Neighborhood Effects and Experiments Meet Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 114(1): 189–231. DOI: 10.1086/589843.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
184. ↵
     1. Sampson, Robert J.,
     2. Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and
     3. Thomas Gannon-Rowley

     . 2002. “Assessing ‘Neighborhood Effects’: Social Processes and New Directions in Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 28(1): 443–78. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141114.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
185. ↵
     1. Sampson, Robert J.,
     2. Stephen W. Raudenbush, and
     3. Felton Earls

     . 1997. “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.” Science 277(5328): 918–24. DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5328.918.

     OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
186. ↵
     1. Sano, Yoshie,
     2. Margaret M. Manoogian, and
     3. Lenna L. Ontai

     . 2012. “‘The Kids Still Come First’: Creating Family Stability During Partnership Instability in Rural, Low-Income Families.” Journal of Family Issues 33(7): 942–65. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X11430820.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
187. ↵
     1. Schafft, Kai A

     . 2016. “Rural Education as Rural Development: Understanding the Rural School–Community Well-Being Linkage in a 21st-Century Policy Context.” Peabody Journal of Education 91(2): 137–54. DOI: 10.1080/0161956X.2016.1151734.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
188. ↵
     1. Schafft, Kai A., and
     2. Catharine Biddle

     . 2014. “Education and Schooling in Rural America.” In Rural America in a Globalizing World, edited by Conner Bailey, Leif Jensen, and Elizabeth Ransom. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
189. ↵
     1. Schafft, Kai A., and
     2. Alecia Youngblood Jackson

     . 2010. Rural Education for the Twenty-First Century: Identity, Place, and Community in a Globalizing World. University Park: Penn State Press.
190. ↵
     1. Schumm, Walter R

     . 2016. “A Review and Critique of Research on Same-Sex Parenting and Adoption.” Psychological Reports 119(3): 641–760. DOI: 10.1177/0033294116665594.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
191. ↵
     1. Semke, Carrie A., and
     2. Susan M. Sheridan

     . 2012. “Family-School Connections in Rural Educational Settings: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature.” School Community Journal 22(1): 21–47.

     OpenUrl
192. ↵
     1. Sherman, Jennifer

     . 2009a. “Bend to Avoid Breaking: Job Loss, Gender Norms, and Family Stability in Rural America.” Social Problems 56(4): 599–620. DOI: 10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.599.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
193. ↵
     1. Sherman, Jennifer

     . 2009b. Those Who Work, Those Who Don’t: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
194. ↵
     1. Sherman, Jennifer, and
     2. Rayna Amber Sage

     . 2011. “Sending Off All Your Good Treasures: Rural Schools, Brain-Drain, and Community Survival in the Wake of Economic Collapse.” Journal of Research in Rural Education 26(11). Accessed November 14, 2021. https://jrre.psu.edu/sites/default/files/2019-08/26-11.pdf.
195. ↵
     1. Sherman, Jennifer, and
     2. Kai A. Schafft

     . 2022. “‘Turning Their Back on Kids’: Inclusions, Exclusions, and the Contradictions of Schooling in Gentrifying Rural Communities.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(3): 150–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.06.

     OpenUrl
196. ↵
     1. Singh, Gopal K., and
     2. Mohammad Siahpush

     . 2014. “Widening Rural-Urban Disparities in All-Cause Mortality and Mortality from Major Causes of Death in the USA, 1969–2009.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 91(2): 272–92. DOI: 10.1007/s11524-013-9847-2.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
197. ↵
     1. Slack, Tim

     . 2014. “Work in Rural America in the Era of Globalization: Problems and Prospects for the 2010s.” In Rural America in a Globalizing World, edited by Conner Bailey, Leif Jensen, and Elizabeth Ransom. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
198. ↵
     1. Slack, Tim, and
     2. Leif Jensen

     . 2020. “The Changing Demography of Rural and Small-Town America.” Population Research and Policy Review 39(5): 775–83. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09608-5.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
199. ↵
     1. Slack, Tim,
     2. Brian C. Thiede, and
     3. Leif Jensen

     . 2020. “Race, Residence, and Underemployment: Fifty Years in Comparative Perspective, 1968–2017.” Rural Sociology 85(2): 275–315. DOI: 10.1111/ruso.12290.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
200. ↵
     1. Smith, Amy S., and
     2. Edward Trevelyan

     . 2019. “The Older Population in Rural America: 2012–2016.” ACS report no. ACS-41. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/acs/acs-41.pdf.
201. ↵
     1. Smith, Kristin E., and
     2. Lisa R. Pruitt

     . 2017. “Changing Gender Roles and Rural Poverty.” In Rural Poverty in the United States, edited by Ann R. Tickamyer, Jennifer Sherman, and Jennifer Warlick. New York: Columbia University Press.
202. ↵
     1. Snyder, Anastasia R.,
     2. Susan L. Brown, and
     3. Erin P. Condo

     . 2004. “Residential Differences in Family Formation: The Significance of Cohabitation*.” Rural Sociology 69(2): 235–60. DOI: 10.1526/003601104323087598.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
203. ↵
     1. Snyder, Anastasia R., and
     2. Diane K. McLaughlin

     . 2004. “Female-Headed Families and Poverty in Rural America.” Rural Sociology 69(1): 127–49. DOI: 10.1526/003601104322919937.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
204. ↵
     1. Snyder, Anastasia R.,
     2. Diane K. McLaughlin, and
     3. Jill Findeis

     . 2006. “Household Composition and Poverty Among Female-Headed Households with Children: Differences by Race and Residence*.” Rural Sociology 71(4): 597–624. DOI: 10.1526/003601106781262007.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
205. ↵
     1. Strange, Marty

     . 2011. “Finding Fairness for Rural Students.” Phi Delta Kappan 92(6): 8–15. DOI: 10.1177/003172171109200603.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
206. ↵
     1. Strayhorn, Terrell L

     . 2009. “Different Folks, Different Hopes: The Educational Aspirations of Black Males in Urban, Suburban, and Rural High Schools.” Urban Education 44(6): 710–31. DOI: 10.1177/0042085908322705.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
207. ↵
     1. Sutton, April,
     2. Daniel T. Lichter, and
     3. Sharon Sassler

     . 2019. “Rural–Urban Disparities in Pregnancy Intentions, Births, and Abortions Among US Adolescent and Young Women, 1995–2017.” American Journal of Public Health 109(12): 1762–69. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305318.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
208. ↵
     1. Theodori, Ann E., and
     2. Gene L. Theodori

     . 2015. “The Influences of Community Attachment, Sense of Community, and Educational Aspirations upon the Migration Intentions of Rural Youth in Texas.” Community Development 46(4): 380–91. DOI: 10.1080/15575330.2015.1062035.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
209. ↵
     1. Thiede, Brian C.,
     2. Hyojung Kim, and
     3. Matthew Valasik

     . 2018. “The Spatial Concentration of America’s Rural Poor Population: A Postrecession Update.” Rural Sociology 83(1): 109–44. DOI: 10.1111/ruso.12166.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
210. ↵
     1. Thiede, Brian C.,
     2. Daniel T. Lichter, and
     3. Tim Slack

     . 2018. “Working, but Poor: The Good Life in Rural America?” Journal of Rural Studies 59(April): 183–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.007.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
211. ↵
     1. Thiede, Brian C., and
     2. Tim Slack

     . 2017. “9. The Old Versus the New Economies and Their Impacts.” In Rural Poverty in the United States, edited by Ann Tickamyer, Jennifer Warlick, and Jennifer Sherman. New York: Columbia University Press. DOI: 10.7312/tick17222-015.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
212. ↵
     1. Thomson, Elizabeth, and
     2. Sara S. McLanahan

     . 2012. “Reflections on ‘Family Structure and Child Well-Being: Economic Resources vs. Parental Socialization.’” Social Forces 91(1): 45–53. DOI: 10.1093/sf/sos119.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
213. ↵
     1. Tickamyer, Ann R., and
     2. Debra A. Henderson

     . 2004. “Rural Women: New Roles for the New Century?” In Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-First Century, edited by David L. Brown and Louis E. Swanson. University Park: Penn State University Press.
214. ↵
     1. Turley, Ruth N. López

     . 2009. “College Proximity: Mapping Access to Opportunity.” Sociology of Education 82(2): 126–46.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
215. ↵
     1. Ullrich, Fred, and
     2. Keith Mueller

     . 2021. “Confirmed COVID-19 Cases, Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Counties.” Grand Forks, N.D.: Rural Health Research Gateway. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.ruralhealthresearch.org/publications/1325..
216. ↵
     1. U.S. Census Bureau

     . 1994. Geographic Areas Reference Manual. Accessed March 1, 2021. https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/GARMcont.pdf.
217. ↵
     1. U.S. Census Bureau

     . 2020a. “Metropolitan Areas.” Last updated December 17, 2020. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.census.gov/history/www/programs/geography/metropolitan_areas.html.
218. ↵
     1. U.S. Census Bureau

     . 2020b. “Urban and Rural Areas.” Last updated December 17, 2020. Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.census.gov/history/www/programs/geography/urban_and_rural_areas.html..
219. ↵
     1. Walker, Renee E.,
     2. Christopher R. Keane, and
     3. Jessica G. Burke

     . 2010. “Disparities and Access to Healthy Food in the United States: A Review of Food Deserts Literature.” Health & Place 16(5): 876–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.013.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
220. ↵
     1. Weber, Bruce A

     . 2008. “People and Places at the Ragged Edge: Place-Based Policy for Reducing Rural Poverty.” In Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics, edited by Wu JunJie, Paul W. Barkley, and Bruce A. Weber. New York: Routledge.
221. ↵
     1. Weber, Bruce A.,
     2. J. Matthew Fannin,
     3. Sam M. Cordes, and
     4. Thomas G. Johnson

     . 2017. “Upward Mobility of Low-Income Youth in Metropolitan, Micropolitan, and Rural America.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 103–22. DOI: 10.1177/0002716217713477.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
222. ↵
     1. Weber, Bruce A.,
     2. J. Matthew Fannin,
     3. Kathleen Miller, and
     4. Stephan Goetz

     . 2018. “Intergenerational Mobility of Low-income Youth in Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan America: A Spatial Analysis.” Regional Science Policy & Practice 10(2): 87–101. https://rsaiconnect.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rsp3.12122.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
223. ↵
     1. Weber, Bruce A.,
     2. Leif Jensen,
     3. Kathleen Miller,
     4. Jane Mosley, and
     5. Monica Fisher

     . 2005. “A Critical Review of Rural Poverty Literature: Is There Truly a Rural Effect?” International Regional Science Review 28(4): 381–141.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
224. ↵
     1. Weber, Bruce A.,
     2. Alexander Marré,
     3. Monica Fisher,
     4. Robert Gibbs, and
     5. John Cromartie

     . 2007. “Education’s Effect on Poverty: The Role of Migration.” Review of Agricultural Economics 29(3): 437–45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9353.2007.00358.x.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
225. ↵
     1. Weber, Bruce A., and
     2. Kathleen Miller

     . 2017. “Poverty in Rural America Then and Now.” In Rural Poverty in the United States, edited by Ann R. Tickamyer, Jennifer Sherman, and Jennifer Warlick. New York: Columbia University Press.
226. ↵
     1. Wen, Ming,
     2. Jessie X. Fan,
     3. Lori Kowaleski-Jones, and
     4. Neng Wan

     . 2018. “Rural-Urban Disparities in Obesity Prevalence Among Working Age Adults in the United States: Exploring the Mechanisms.” American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP 32(2): 400–408. DOI: 10.1177/0890117116689488.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
227. ↵
     1. Wilson, William

     . 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
228. ↵
     1. Winnick, Louis

     . 1966. “Winnick, Louis. 1966. Place Prosperity vs. People Prosperity: Welfare Considerations in the Geographic Redistribution of Economic Activity.” In Essays in Urban Land Economics in Honor of the Sixty-Fifth Birthday of Leo Grebler, edited by G. James and S. Burns. Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles.
229. ↵
     1. Wodtke, Geoffrey T.,
     2. David J. Harding, and
     3. Felix Elwert

     . 2011. “Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective: The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on High School Graduation.” American Sociological Review 76(5): 713–36. DOI: 10.1177/0003122411420816.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
230. ↵
     1. Woldoff, Rachael A.,
     2. Yolanda M. Wiggins, and
     3. Heather M. Washington

     . 2011. “Black Collegians at a Rural Predominantly White Institution: Toward a Place-Based Understanding of Black Students’ Adjustment to College.” Journal of Black Studies 42(7): 1047–79. DOI: 10.1177/0021934711400741.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
231. ↵
     1. Wu, JunJie,
     2. Bruce A. Weber, and
     3. Mark D. Partridge

     . 2017. “Rural-Urban Interdependence: A Framework Integrating Regional, Urban, and Environmental Economic Insights.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 99(2): 464–80. DOI: 10.1093/ajae/aaw093.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
232. ↵
     1. Wuthnow, Robert

     . 2018. The Left Behind: Decline and Rage in Rural America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
233. ↵
     1. Ziliak, James P

     . 2018. “Economic Change and the Social Safety Net: Are Rural Americans Still Behind?” In Rural Poverty: Fifty Years After the People Left Behind. Washington, D.C.: Rural Policy Research Institute.