Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Publications
    • rsf

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
  • Publications
    • rsf
  • Log in
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Advanced Search

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Follow rsf on Twitter
  • Visit rsf on Facebook
  • Follow rsf on Google Plus
Research Article
Open Access

Justice by Geography: The Role of Monetary Sanctions Across Communities

Gabriela Kirk, Kristina J. Thompson, Beth M. Huebner, Christopher Uggen, Sarah K.S. Shannon
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences January 2022, 8 (1) 200-220; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.09
Gabriela Kirk
aDoctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Northwestern University, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Gabriela Kirk
Kristina J. Thompson
bAssistant professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Georgia Southern University, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Beth M. Huebner
cProfessor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Missouri–St. Louis, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Beth M. Huebner
Christopher Uggen
dRegents Professor and Martindale Chair in Sociology, Law, and Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Christopher Uggen
Sarah K.S. Shannon
eAssociate professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Sarah K.S. Shannon
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    1. Beckett, Katherine, and
    2. Lindsey Beach
    . 2021. “The Place of Punishment in Twenty-First-Century America: Understanding the Persistence of Mass Incarceration.” Law & Social Inquiry 46(1): 1–31.
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    1. Beggs, John J.,
    2. Valerie A. Haines, and
    3. Jeanne S. Hurlbert
    . 1996. “Revisiting the Rural-Urban Contrast: Personal Networks in Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan Settings.” Rural Sociology 61(2): 306–25.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    1. Bing, Lindsay,
    2. Becky Pettit, and
    3. Ilya Slavinski
    . 2022. “Incomparable Punishments: How Economic Inequality Contributes to the Disparate Impact of Legal Fines and Fees.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(2): 118–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.2.06.
    OpenUrl
  4. ↵
    1. Black, Donald J.
    1976. The Behavior of Law. New York: Academic Press.
  5. ↵
    1. Boches, Daniel J.,
    2. Brittany T. Martin,
    3. Andrea Giuffre,
    4. Amarini Sanches,
    5. Aubrianne L. Sutherland, and
    6. Sarah K.S. Shannon
    . 2022. “Monetary Sanctions and Symbiotic Harms.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(2): 98–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.2.03.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Brenner, Neil, and
    2. Nik Theodore
    . 2005. “Neoliberalism and the Urban Condition.” City 9(1): 101–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  7. ↵
    1. Butler, Margaret A., and
    2. Calvin L. Beale
    . 1993. Rural-Urban Continuum Codes for Metro and Nonmetro Counties. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
  8. ↵
    1. Cadigan, Michele, and
    2. Gabriela Kirk
    . 2020. “On Thin Ice: Bureaucratic Processes of Monetary Sanctions and Job Insecurity.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 113–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.05.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  9. ↵
    1. Cebulak, Wojciech
    . 2004. “Why Rural Crime and Justice Really Matter.” Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 19(1): 71–81.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  10. ↵
    1. Council of State Governments Justice Center
    . 2018. Justice Reinvestment in Missouri: A Policy Framework. Washington, DC: Council of State Governments.
  11. ↵
    1. Crowley, Michael F.,
    2. Matthew J. Menendez, and
    3. Lauren-Brook Eisen
    . 2020. “If We Only Knew the Cost: Scratching the Surface on How Much It Costs to Assess and Collect Court Imposed Criminal Fees and Fines.” UCLA Criminal Justice Law Review 4(1): 165–78.
    OpenUrl
  12. ↵
    1. Dixon, Jo
    . 1995. “The Organizational Context of Criminal Sentencing.” American Journal of Sociology 100(5): 1157–98.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  13. ↵
    1. Eason, John M.,
    2. Danielle Zucker, and
    3. Christopher Wildeman
    . 2017. “Mass Imprisonment Across the Rural-Urban Interface.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672(1): 202–16.
    OpenUrl
  14. ↵
    1. Eisenstein, James,
    2. Roy B. Flemming, and
    3. Peter F. Nardulli
    . 1988. The Contours of Justice: Communities and Their Courts. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.
  15. ↵
    1. Eisenstein, James, and
    2. Herbert Jacob
    . 1977. Felony Justice: An Organizational Analysis of Criminal Courts. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.
  16. ↵
    1. Ellsworth, Thomas, and
    2. Ralph A. Weisheit
    . 1997. “The Supervision and Treatment of Offenders on Probation: Understanding Rural and Urban Differences.” Prison Journal 77(2): 209–28.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  17. ↵
    1. Fahnestock, Kathryn, and
    2. Maurice D. Geiger
    . 1993. “We All Get along Here.” Judicature 76(5): 258–63.
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Feld, Barry C.
    1991. “Justice by Geography: Urban, Suburban, and Rural Variations in Juvenile Justice Administration.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82(1): 156–210.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  19. ↵
    1. Fernandes, April D.,
    2. Michele Cadigan,
    3. Frank Edwards, and
    4. Alexes Harris
    . 2019. “Monetary Sanctions: A Review of Revenue Generation, Legal Challenges, and Reform.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15(1): 397–413.
    OpenUrl
  20. ↵
    1. Fitchen, Janet M.
    1994. “Residential Mobility Among the Rural Poor.” Rural Sociology 59(3): 416–36.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  21. ↵
    1. Flaherty, Jeremy, and
    2. Ralph B. Brown
    . 2010. “A Multilevel Systemic Model of Community Attachment: Assessing the Relative Importance of the Community and Individual Levels.” American Journal of Sociology 116(2): 503–42.
    OpenUrl
  22. ↵
    1. Flora, Jan L.,
    2. Jeff Sharp,
    3. Cornelia Flora, and
    4. Bonnie Newlon
    . 1997. “Entrepreneurial Social Infrastructure and Locally Initiated Economic Development in the Nonmetropolitan United States.” Sociological Quarterly 38(4): 623–45.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    1. Foulkes, Matt, and
    2. K. Bruce Newbold
    . 2008. “Poverty Catchments: Migration, Residential Mobility, and Population Turnover in Impoverished Rural Illinois Communities.” Rural Sociology 73(3): 440–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  24. ↵
    1. Freudenberg, William R.
    1986. “The Density of Acquaintanceship : An Overlooked Variable in Community Research ?” American Journal of Sociology 92(1): 27–63.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  25. ↵
    1. Fulkerson, Gregory M., and
    2. Alexander R. Thomas
    . 2019. Urbanormativity: Reality, Representation, and Everyday Life. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
  26. ↵
    1. Galanter, Marc
    . 1974. “Why the ‘Haves’ Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change.” Law & Society Review 9(1): 95–160.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    1. Glenn, Norval D., and
    2. Lester Hill Jr..
    1977. “Rural-Urban Differences in Attitudes and Behaviors in the United States.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 429(1): 36–50.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    1. Graham, Shannon R., and
    2. Michael D. Makowsky
    . 2021. “Local Government Dependence on Criminal Justice Revenue and Emerging Constraints.” Annual Review of Criminology 4(1): 331–30.
    OpenUrl
  29. ↵
    1. Hagan, John
    . 1977. “Criminal Justice in Rural and Urban Communities: A Study of the Bureaucratization of Justice.” Social Forces 55(3): 597–612.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  30. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes
    . 2016. A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  31. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes,
    2. Beth M. Huebner,
    3. Karin D. Martin,
    4. Mary Pattillo,
    5. Becky Pettit,
    6. Bryan L. Sykes,
    7. Christopher Uggen, and
    8. April D. Fernandes
    . 2017. Monetary Sanctions in the Criminal Justice System. New York: Arnold Foundation.
  32. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes,
    2. Mary Pattillo, and
    3. Bryan L. Sykes
    . 2022. “Studying the System of Monetary Sanctions.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(1): 1–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.01.
    OpenUrl
  33. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes, and
    2. Tyler Smith
    . 2022. “Monetary Sanctions as Chronic and Acute Health Stressors: The Emotional and Physical Strain of People Who Owe Court Fines and Fees.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(2): 36–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.2.02.
    OpenUrl
  34. ↵
    1. Harvey, David
    . 1989. “From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism : The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism.” Geografiska Annaler 71(1): 3–17.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  35. ↵
    1. Haynes, Stacy H.,
    2. Barry Ruback, and
    3. Gretchen R. Cusick
    . 2010. “Courtroom Workgroups and Sentencing: The Effects of Similarity, Proximity, and Stability.” Crime and Delinquency 56(1): 126–61.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  36. ↵
    1. Huebner, Beth M., and
    2. Andrea Giuffre
    . 2022. “Reinforcing the Web of Municipal Courts: Evidence and Implications Post-Ferguson.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(1): 108–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.05.
    OpenUrl
  37. ↵
    1. Huebner, Beth M.,
    2. Kimberly R. Kras, and
    3. Breanne Pleggenkuhle
    . 2019. “Structural Discrimination and Social Stigma Among Individuals Incarcerated for Sexual Offenses: Reentry Across the Rural–Urban Continuum.” Criminology 57(4): 715–38.
    OpenUrl
  38. ↵
    1. Ingram, Deborah D., and
    2. Sheila J. Franco
    . 2014. “2013 NCHS Urban–Rural Classification Scheme for Counties.” Vital Health Statistics 2(166)(April). Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_166.pdf.
  39. ↵
    1. Isserman, Andrew M.
    2005. “In the National Interest: Defining Rural and Urban Correctly in Research and Public Policy.” International Regional Science Review 28(4): 465–99.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    1. Katzenstein, Mary Fainsod, and
    2. Maureen R. Waller
    . 2015. “Taxing the Poor: Incarceration, Poverty Governance, and the Seizure of Family Resources.” Perspectives on Politics 13(3): 638–56.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  41. ↵
    1. Leverentz, Andrea, and
    2. Monica Williams
    . 2017. “Contextualizing Community Crime Control: Race, Geography, and Configurations of Control in Four Communities.” Criminology 55(1): 112–36.
    OpenUrl
  42. ↵
    1. Lichter, Daniel T., and
    2. David L. Brown
    . 2011. “Rural America in an Urban Society: Changing Spatial and Social Boundaries.” Annual Review of Sociology 37(1): 565–92.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  43. ↵
    1. Link, Nathan W.
    2019. “Criminal Justice Debt During the Prisoner Reintegration Process: Who Has It and How Much?” Criminal Justice and Behavior 46(1): 154–72.
    OpenUrl
  44. ↵
    1. Martin, Karin D.
    2018. “Monetary Myopia: An Examination of Institutional Response to Revenue from Monetary Sanctions for Misdemeanors.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 29(6–7): 630–62.
    OpenUrl
  45. ↵
    1. Martin, Karin D.
    2020. “Law, Money, People: Insights from a Brief History of Court Funding Concerns.” UCLA Criminal Law Review 4(1): 213–26.
    OpenUrl
  46. ↵
    1. Martin, Karin D.,
    2. Kimberly Spencer-Suarez, and
    3. Gabriela Kirk
    . 2022. “Pay or Display: Monetary Sanctions and the Performance of Accountability and Procedural Integrity in New York and Illinois Courts.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(1): 128–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.06.
    OpenUrl
  47. ↵
    1. Martin, Karin D.,
    2. Bryan L. Sykes,
    3. Sarah K.S. Shannon,
    4. Frank Edwards, and
    5. Alexes Harris
    . 2018. “Monetary Sanctions: Legal Financial Obligations in US Systems of Justice.” Annual Review of Criminology 1(1): 471–95.
    OpenUrl
  48. ↵
    1. McDonald, Thomas D.,
    2. Robert A. Wood, and
    3. Melissa A Pflüg
    . 1996. Rural Criminal Justice: Conditions, Constraints, and Challenges. Salem, Wisc.: Sheffield Publishing.
  49. ↵
    1. Metcalfe, Christi
    . 2016. “The Role of Courtroom Workgroups in Felony Case Dispositions: An Analysis of Workgroup Familiarity and Similarity.” Law & Society Review 50(3): 637–73.
    OpenUrl
  50. ↵
    1. Olson, David E., and
    2. Gerard F. Ramker
    2001. “Crime Does Not Pay, but Criminals May: Factors Influencing the Imposition and Collection of Probation Fees.” Justice System Journal 22(1): 43–46.
    OpenUrl
  51. ↵
    1. O’Neil, Kate K.,
    2. Tyler Smith, and
    3. Ian Kennedy
    . 2022. “County Dependence on Monetary Sanctions: Implications for Women’s Incarceration” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(2): 157–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.2.08.
    OpenUrl
  52. ↵
    1. Osgood, D. Wayne, and
    2. Jeff M. Chambers
    . 2000. “Social Disorganization Outside the Metropolis: An Analysis of Rural Youth Violence.” Criminology 38(1): 81–115.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  53. ↵
    1. Pacewicz, Josh, and
    2. John N. Robinson III
    . 2020. “Pocketbook Policing: How Race Shapes Municipal Reliance on Punitive Fines and Fees in the Chicago Suburbs.” Socio-Economic Review First published online October 2. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwaa029.
  54. ↵
    1. Page, Josh, and
    2. Joe Soss
    . 2017. “Criminal Justice Predation and Neoliberal Governance.” In Rethinking Neoliberalism, edited by Sanford F. Schram and Marianna Pavlovskaya. New York Routledge.
  55. ↵
    1. Payne, Brian K.,
    2. Bruce L. Berg, and
    3. Ivan Y. Sun
    . 2005. “Policing in Small Town America: Dogs, Drunks, Disorder, and Dysfunction.” Journal of Criminal Justice 33(1): 31–41.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  56. ↵
    1. Pleggenkuhle, Breanne
    . 2018. “The Financial Cost of a Criminal Conviction: Context and Consequences.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 45(1): 121–45.
    OpenUrl
  57. ↵
    1. Pruitt, Lisa R., and
    2. Beth A. Colgan
    . 2010. “Justice Deserts: Spatial Inequality and Local Funding of Indigent Defense.” Arizona Law Review 52(2): 219–316.
    OpenUrl
  58. ↵
    1. Pruitt, Lisa R.,
    2. Amanda L. Kool,
    3. Lauren Sudeall, and
    4. Michele Statz
    . 2018. “Legal Deserts: A Multi-State Perspective on Rural Access to Justice.” Harvard Law & Policy Review 13(1): 15–156.
    OpenUrl
  59. ↵
    1. Rios, Jodi
    . 2019. “Racial States of Municipal Governance: Policing Bodies and Space for Revenue in North St. Louis County, MO.” Law & Inequality 37(2): 235–308.
    OpenUrl
  60. ↵
    1. Sampson, Robert J., and
    2. W. Byron Groves
    . 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 94(4): 774–802.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  61. ↵
    1. Shannon, Sarah K.S.,
    2. Alexes Harris,
    3. Tyler Smith,
    4. Mary Pattillo,
    5. Karin Martin,
    6. Ilya Slavinski,
    7. Robert Stewart,
    8. Andrea Giuffre, and
    9. Aubrianne Sutherland
    . 2020. “Court Decision Makers on Fines and Fees: Situating Monetary Sanctions within Their Understandings of Just Punishment.” Unpublished manuscript.
  62. ↵
    1. Shannon, Sarah K.S.,
    2. Beth M. Huebner,
    3. Alexes Harris,
    4. Karin D. Martin,
    5. Mary Pattillo,
    6. Becky Pettit,
    7. Bryan L. Sykes, and
    8. Christopher Uggen
    . 2020. “The Broad Scope and Variation of Monetary Sanctions: Evidence from Eight States.” UCLA Criminal Law Review 4(1): 269–81.
    OpenUrl
  63. ↵
    1. Singer, Simon I.
    2014. America’s Safest City: Delinquency and Modernity in Suburbia. New York: New York University Press.
  64. ↵
    1. Smith, Tyler,
    2. Kristina J. Thompson, and
    3. Michele Cadigan
    . 2022. “Sensemaking in the Legal System: A Comparative Case Study of Changes to Monetary Sanctions Laws.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(1): 63–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.03.
    OpenUrl
  65. ↵
    1. Statz, Michele
    . 2021. “On Shared Suffering: Judicial Intimacy in the Rural Northland” Law & Society Review 55(1): 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12537.
    OpenUrl
  66. ↵
    1. Stewart, Robert,
    2. Brieanna Watters,
    3. Veronica Horowitz,
    4. Ryan P. Larson,
    5. Brian Sargent, and
    6. Christopher Uggen
    . 2022. “Native Americans and Monetary Sanctions.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8(2): 137–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.2.07.
    OpenUrl
  67. ↵
    1. Strauss, Anselm
    . 1993. Continual Permutations of Action. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
  68. ↵
    1. Thiede, Brian C.,
    2. Hyojung Kim, and
    3. Matthew Valasik
    . 2018. “The Spatial Concentration of America’s Rural Poor Population: A Postrecession Update.” Rural Sociology 83(1): 109–44.
    OpenUrl
  69. ↵
    1. Tickamyer, Ann R.
    2000. “Space Matters! Spatial Inequality in Future Sociology.” Contemporary Sociology 29(6): 805–13.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  70. ↵
    1. Tickamyer, Ann R., and
    2. Cynthia M. Duncan
    . 1990. “Poverty and Opportunity Structure in Rural America.” Annual Review of Sociology 16(1): 67–86.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  71. ↵
    1. Ulmer, Jeffery. T.
    1995. “The Organization and Consequences of Social Pasts in Criminal Courts.” Sociological Quarterly 36(3): 587–605.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  72. ↵
    1. Ulmer, Jeffery. T.
    2019. “Criminal Courts as Inhabited Institutions: Making Sense of Difference and Similarity in Sentencing.” Crime and Justice 48(1): 483–522.
    OpenUrl
  73. ↵
    1. Ulmer Jeffery T., , and
    2. John H. Kramer
    . 1998. “The Use and Transformation of Formal Decision-Making Criteria: Sentencing Guidelines, Organizational Contexts, and Case Processing Strategies.” Social Problems 45(2): 248–67.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. U.S. Census Bureau
    . 2014. “2010–2014 American Community Survey 5-year Public Use Microdata Samples”. Retrieved from data.census.gov.
  74. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division (DOJ)
    . 2015. Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department. Washington: Government Printing Office.
  75. ↵
    1. Weber, Max
    . 1958. The City. Translated and edited by Don Martindale and Gertrud Neuwirth. First published in 1921. New York: Free Press.
  76. ↵
    1. Weisheit, Ralph A.,
    2. David N. Falcone, and
    3. L. Edward Wells
    . 1999. Crime and Policing in Rural and Small-Town America, 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
  77. ↵
    1. Wilkinson, Kenneth P.
    1984. “Rurality and Patterns of Social Disruption.” Rural Sociology 49(1): 23–36.
    OpenUrl
  78. ↵
    1. Wirth, Louis
    . 1938. “Urbanism as a Way of Life.” American Journal of Sociology 44(1): 1–24.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  79. ↵
    1. Worden, Alissa Pollitz, and
    2. Alyssa M. Clark
    . 2019. “Misdemeanor Justice in Rural Courts.” In Lower Criminal Courts, edited by Alisa Smith and Sean Maddan. New York: Routledge.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: 8 (1)
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Vol. 8, Issue 1
1 Jan 2022
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Justice by Geography: The Role of Monetary Sanctions Across Communities
(Your Name) has sent you a message from RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
13 + 1 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Justice by Geography: The Role of Monetary Sanctions Across Communities
Gabriela Kirk, Kristina J. Thompson, Beth M. Huebner, Christopher Uggen, Sarah K.S. Shannon
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Jan 2022, 8 (1) 200-220; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.09

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Justice by Geography: The Role of Monetary Sanctions Across Communities
Gabriela Kirk, Kristina J. Thompson, Beth M. Huebner, Christopher Uggen, Sarah K.S. Shannon
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Jan 2022, 8 (1) 200-220; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2022.8.1.09
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • COURTS, COMMUNITIES, AND ACQUAINTANCESHIP DENSITY
    • DATA AND METHODS
    • FINDINGS
    • DISCUSSION
    • FOOTNOTES
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • monetary sanctions
  • punishment
  • acquaintanceship density

© 2025 RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Powered by HighWire