Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Publications
    • rsf

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
  • Publications
    • rsf
  • Log in
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Advanced Search

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Follow rsf on Twitter
  • Visit rsf on Facebook
  • Follow rsf on Google Plus
Research Article
Open Access

Wealth and Child Development: Differences in Associations by Family Income and Developmental Stage

Portia Miller, Tamara Podvysotska, Laura Betancur, Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences August 2021, 7 (3) 154-174; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2021.7.3.07
Portia Miller
aResearch associate in the Learning Research and Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Tamara Podvysotska
bDoctoral candidate in the Department of Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Tamara Podvysotska
Laura Betancur
cPostdoctoral research associate at the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
dProfessor of psychology and a research scientist in the Learning Research and Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Akee, Randall KQ,
    2. William E. Copeland,
    3. Gordon Keeler,
    4. Adrian Angold, and
    5. E. Jane Costello
    . 2010. “Parents’ Incomes and Children’s Outcomes: A Quasi-Experiment Using Transfer Payments from Casino Profits.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2(1): 86–115.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    1. Baker, Paula, C.
    2. Canada K. Keck,
    3. Frank L. Mott,
    4. Stephen V. Quinlan
    . 1993. NLSY Child Handbook, Revised Edition: A Guide to the 1986–1990 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Data. Columbus: Center for Human Resource Research, Ohio State University.
  3. ↵
    1. Becker, Gary S
    . 1991. “Family Background and the Opportunities of Children.” In A Treatise on the Family, by Gary S. Becker. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
  4. ↵
    1. Berger, Lawrence M., and
    2. Jason N. Houle
    . 2016. “Parental Debt and Children’s Socioemotional Well-Being.” Pediatrics 137(2): e20153059.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  5. ↵
    1. Blair, Clancy, and
    2. Cybele Raver
    . 2016. “Poverty, Stress, and Brain Development: New Directions for Prevention and Intervention.” Academic Pediatrics 16(3): S30–S36.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Blau, David M
    . 1999. “The Effect of Income on Child Development.” Review of Economics and Statistics 81(2): 261–76.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    1. Bourdieu, Pierre, and
    2. Jean-Claude Passeron
    . 1990. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.
  8. ↵
    1. Brotman, Laurie Miller,
    2. Colleen R. O’Neal,
    3. Keng-Yen Huang,
    4. Kathleen Kiely Gouley,
    5. Amanda Rosenfelt, and
    6. Patrick E. Shrout
    . 2009. “An Experimental Test of Parenting Practices as a Mediator of Early Childhood Physical Aggression.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50(3): 235–45.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    1. Brown, Sarah,
    2. Karl Taylor, and
    3. Stephen Wheatley Price
    . 2005. “Debt and Distress: Evaluating the Psychological Cost of Credit.” Journal of Economic Psychology 26(5): 642–63.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  10. ↵
    1. Calarco, Jessica
    . 2014. “Coached for the Classroom: Parents’ Cultural Transmission and Children’s Reproduction of Educational Inequalities.” American Sociological Review 79(5): 1015–37.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  11. ↵
    1. Center for Human Resource Research
    . 2002. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort, 1979–2000 (Rounds 1–19). Columbus: The Ohio State University, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and U.S. Department of Labor.
  12. ↵
    1. Chazan-Cohen, Rachel,
    2. Helen Raikes,
    3. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn,
    4. Catherine Ayoub,
    5. Barbara Alexander Pan,
    6. Ellen E. Kisker,
    7. Lori Roggman, and
    8. Allison Sidle Fuligni
    . 2009. “Low-Income Children’s School Readiness: Parent Contributions over the First Five Years.” Early Education and Development 20(6): 958–77.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  13. ↵
    1. Conger, Rand D.,
    2. Xiaojia Ge,
    3. Glen H. Elder Jr..,
    4. Frederick O. Lorenz, and
    5. Ronald L. Simons
    . 1994. “Economic Stress, Coercive Family Process, and Developmental Problems of Adolescents.” Child Development 65(2): 541–61.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    1. Conley, Dalton
    . 1999. Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  15. ↵
    1. Conley, David T
    . 2010. College and Career Ready: Helping All Students Succeed Beyond High School. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  16. ↵
    1. Conwell, Jordan A., and
    2. Leafia Zi Ye
    . 2021. “All Wealth Is Not Created Equal: Race, Parental Net Worth, and Children’s Achievement.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7(3): 101–21. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2021.7.3.05.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  17. ↵
    1. Covay, Elizabeth, and
    2. William Carbonaro
    . 2010. “After the Bell: Participation in Extracurricular Activities, Classroom Behavior, and Academic Achievement.” Sociology of Education 83(1): 20–45.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    1. Diemer, Matthew A.,
    2. Aixa. D. Marchand, and
    3. Rashmita S. Mistry
    . 2020. “Charting How Wealth Shapes Educational Pathways from Childhood to Early Adulthood: A Developmental Process Model.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49(5): 1073–91.
    OpenUrl
  19. ↵
    1. Drentea, Patricia, and
    2. Paul J. Lavrakas
    . 2000. “Over the Limit: The Association Among Health, Race and Debt.” Social Science and Medicine 50(4): 517–29.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  20. ↵
    1. Duncan, Greg J.,
    2. Chantelle J. Dowsett,
    3. Amy Claessens,
    4. Katherine Magnuson,
    5. Aletha C. Huston,
    6. Pamela Klebanov,
    7. Linda S. Pagani,
    8. Leon Feinstein,
    9. Mimi Engel,
    10. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn,
    11. Holly Sexton, and
    12. Kathryn Duckworth
    . 2007. “School Readiness and Later Achievement.” Developmental Psychology 43(6): 1428–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  21. ↵
    1. Duncan, Greg J., and
    2. Katherine Magnuson
    . 2011. “The Nature and Impact of Early Achievement Skills, Attention Skills, and Behavior Problems.” In Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  22. ↵
    1. Dunn, Lucia F., and
    2. Ida A. Mirzaie
    . 2016. “Consumer Debt Stress, Changes in Household Debt, and the Great Recession.” Economic Inquiry 54(1): 201–14.
    OpenUrl
  23. ↵
    1. Easton-Brooks, Donald, and
    2. Alan Davis
    . 2007. “Wealth, Traditional Socioeconomic Indicators, and the Achievement Debt.” Journal of Negro Education 76(4): 530–41.
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Elliott, William, III.,
    2. Mesmin Destin, and
    3. Terri Friedline
    . 2011. “Taking Stock of Ten Years of Research on the Relationship Between Assets and Children’s Educational Outcomes: Implications for Theory, Policy and Intervention.” Children and Youth Services Review 33(11): 2312–28.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  25. ↵
    1. Evans, Gary W.,
    2. Carrie Gonnella,
    3. Lyscha A. Marcynyszyn,
    4. Lauren Gentile, and
    5. Nicholas Salpekar
    . 2005. “The Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children’s Socioemotional Adjustment.” Psychological Science 16(7): 560–65.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  26. ↵
    1. Farah, Martha J.,
    2. Laura Betancourt,
    3. David M. Shera,
    4. Jessica H. Savage,
    5. Joan M. Giannetta,
    6. Nancy L. Brodsky,
    7. Elsa K. Malmud, and
    8. Hallam Hurt
    . 2008. “Environmental Stimulation, Parental Nurturance and Cognitive Development in Humans.” Developmental Science 11(5): 793–801.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    1. Ford, Karly Sarita, and
    2. Jason Thompson
    . 2016. “Inherited Prestige: Intergenerational Access to Selective Universities in the United States.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 46(1): 86–98.
    OpenUrl
  28. ↵
    1. Garcia, Emma
    . 2015. Inequalities at the Starting Gate: Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills Gaps Between 2010–2011 Kindergarten Classmates. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
  29. ↵
    1. Gennetian, Lisa A., and
    2. Cynthia Miller
    . 2002. “Children and Welfare Reform: A View from an Experimental Welfare Program in Minnesota.” Child Development 73(2): 601–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    1. Gershoff, Elizabeth T.,
    2. J. Lawrence Aber,
    3. C. Cybele Raver, and
    4. Mary Clare Lennon
    . 2007. “Income Is Not Enough: Incorporating Material Hardship into Models of Income Associations with Parenting and Child Development.” Child Development 78(1): 70–95.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. ↵
    1. Gibson-Davis, Christina, and
    2. Heather D. Hill
    . 2021. “Childhood Wealth Inequality in the United States: Implications for Social Stratification and Well-Being.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7(3): 1–26. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2021.7.3.01.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  32. ↵
    1. Gibson-Davis, Christina M., and
    2. Christine Percheski
    . 2018. “Children and the Elderly: Wealth Inequality Among America’s Dependents.” Demography 55(3): 1009–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  33. ↵
    1. Grinstein-Weiss, Michal,
    2. Trina R. Shanks, and
    3. Sondra G. Beverly
    . 2014. “Family Assets and Child Outcomes: Evidence and Directions.” The Future of Children 24(1): 147–70.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  34. ↵
    1. Hardy, Bradley
    . 2014. “Childhood Income Volatility and Adult Outcomes.” Demography 51(5): 1641–65.
    OpenUrl
  35. ↵
    1. Heberle, Amy E., and
    2. Alice S. Carter
    . 2015. “Cognitive Aspects of Young Children’s Experience of Economic Disadvantage.” Psychological Bulletin 141(4): 723–46.
    OpenUrl
  36. ↵
    1. Heckman, James J
    . 2000. “Policies to Foster Human Capital”. Research in Economics 54(1): 3–56.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  37. ↵
    1. Henry, Daphne A.,
    2. Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal, and
    3. Portia Miller
    . 2019. “Child Development at the Intersection of Race and SES: An Overview.” Advances in Child Development and Behavior 57:1–25.
    OpenUrl
  38. ↵
    1. Hill, Heather D.,
    2. Pamela Morris,
    3. Lisa A. Gennetian,
    4. Sharon Wolf, and
    5. Carly Tubbs
    . 2013. “The Consequences of Income Instability for Children’s Well-Being.” Child Development Perspectives 7(2): 85–90.
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Karagiannaki, Eleni
    . 2017. “The Effect of Parental Wealth on Children’s Outcomes in Early Adulthood.” Journal of Economic Inequality 15(3): 217–43.
    OpenUrl
  40. ↵
    1. Lareau, Annette
    . 2015. “Cultural Knowledge and Social Inequality.” American Sociological Review 80(1): 1–27.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  41. ↵
    1. Lê-Scherban, Félice,
    2. Allison B. Brenner, and
    3. Robert F. Schoeni
    . 2016. “Childhood Family Wealth and Mental Health in a National Cohort of Young Adults.” SSM—Population Health 2 (December): 798–806.
    OpenUrl
  42. ↵
    1. Lewis, Michael, and
    2. Karen D. Rudolph
    . 2014. Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. New York: Springer Science and Business Media.
  43. ↵
    1. Luthar, Suniya S., and
    2. Samuel H. Barkin
    . 2012. “Are Affluent Youth Truly ‘At Risk’? Vulnerability and Resilience Across Three Diverse Samples.” Development and Psychopathology 24(2): 429–49.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  44. ↵
    1. Magnuson, Katherine A., and
    2. Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
    . 2008. “Enduring Influences of Childhood Poverty.” In Changing Poverty, Changing Policies, edited by Maria Cancian and Sheldon Danziger. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  45. ↵
    1. Markwardt, Frederick C
    . 1997. Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised/Normative Update. Minneapolis, Minn.: Pearson Assessments.
  46. ↵
    1. Mayer, Susan
    . 1997. What Money Can’t Buy: Family Income and Children’s Life Chances. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  47. ↵
    1. Metsäpelto, Riitta-Leena, and
    2. Lea Pulkkinen
    . 2012. “Socioemotional Behavior and School Achievement in Relation to Extracurricular Activity Participation in Middle Childhood.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 56(2): 167–82.
    OpenUrl
  48. ↵
    1. Miller, Portia,
    2. Laura Betancur,
    3. Kendra Whitfield, and
    4. Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
    . 2020. “Examining Links Between Income and Behavior Problems Through a Developmental Psychopathology Lens: A Nationally Representative Study.” Development and Psychopathology 24(2): 1–17.
    OpenUrl
  49. ↵
    1. Miller, Portia,
    2. Daphne Henry, and
    3. Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
    . 2016. “Strengthening Causal Inference in Developmental Research.” Child Development Perspectives 10(4): 275–80.
    OpenUrl
  50. ↵
    1. Miller, Portia, and
    2. Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
    . 2017. “The Role of Family Income Dynamics in Predicting Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 45(3): 543–56.
    OpenUrl
  51. ↵
    1. Nepomnyaschy, Lenna,
    2. Allison Dwyer Emory,
    3. Kasey J. Eickmeyer,
    4. Maureen R. Waller, and
    5. Daniel P. Miller
    . 2021. “Parental Debt and Child Well-Being: What Type of Debt Matters for Child Outcomes?” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7(3): 122–51. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2021.7.3.06.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  52. ↵
    1. Oliver, Melvin L., and
    2. Thomas M. Shapiro
    . 1995. Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.
  53. ↵
    1. Orr, Amy J
    . 2003. “Black-White Differences in Achievement: The Importance of Wealth.” Sociology of Education 76(4): 281–304.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  54. ↵
    1. Palacios-Barrios, Esther E., and
    2. Jamie L. Hanson
    . 2019. “Poverty and Self-Regulation: Connecting Psychosocial Processes, Neurobiology, and the Risk for Psychopathology.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 90(1): 52–64.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  55. ↵
    1. Peterson, James L., and
    2. Nicholas Zill
    . 1986 “Marital Disruption, Parent-Child Relationships, and Behavior Problems in Children.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 48(2): 295–307.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  56. ↵
    1. Pfeffer, Fabian T
    . 2018. “Growing Wealth Gaps in Education.” Demography 55(3): 1033–68.
    OpenUrl
  57. ↵
    1. Pfeffer, Fabian T., and
    2. Robert F. Schoeni
    . 2016. “How Wealth Inequality Shapes Our Future.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2(6): 2–22. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2016.2.6.01.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  58. ↵
    1. Phillips, Meredith,
    2. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn,
    3. Greg J. Duncan,
    4. Pamela Klebanov, and
    5. Jonathan Crane
    . 1998. “Family Background, Parenting Practices, and the Black–White Test Score Gap.” In The Black–White Test Score Gap, edited by Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
  59. ↵
    1. Rauscher, Emily, and
    2. William Elliott
    . 2016. “Wealth as Security: Growth Curve Analyses of Household Income and Net Worth During a Recession.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 37(1): 29–41.
    OpenUrl
  60. ↵
    1. Ream, Robert K., and
    2. Michael A. Gottfried
    . 2019. “Household Wealth and Adolescents’ Social-Emotional Functioning in Schools.” Social Science Research 83 (September). Available online July 2. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.06.007.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  61. ↵
    1. Reardon, Sean F
    . 2011. “The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor: New Evidence and Possible Explanations.” In Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  62. ↵
    1. Royston, Patrick
    . 2005. “Multiple Imputation of Missing Values: Update of Ice.” The Stata Journal 5(4): 527–36.
    OpenUrl
  63. ↵
    1. Saez, Emmanuel
    . 2017. “Income and Wealth Inequality: Evidence and Policy Implications.” Contemporary Economic Policy 35(1): 7–25.
    OpenUrl
  64. ↵
    1. Shanks, Trina R
    . 2007. “The Impacts of Household Wealth on Child Development.” Journal of Poverty 11(2): 93–116.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  65. ↵
    1. Shanks, Trina R., and
    2. Mesmin Destin
    . 2009. “Parental Expectations and Educational Outcomes for Young African American Adults: Do Household Assets Matter?” Race and Social Problems 1(1): 27–35.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  66. ↵
    1. Shapiro, Thomas M
    . 2005. The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.
  67. ↵
    1. Shaw, Daniel S.,
    2. Elizabeth B. Owens,
    3. Joyce Giovannelli, and
    4. Emily B. Winslow
    . 2001. “Infant and Toddler Pathways Leading to Early Externalizing Disorders.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40(1): 36–43.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  68. ↵
    1. Shim, Soyeon,
    2. Jing J. Xiao,
    3. Bonnie L. Barber, and
    4. Angela C. Lyons
    . 2009. “Pathways to Life Success: A Conceptual Model of Financial Well-Being for Young Adults.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 30(6): 708–23.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  69. ↵
    1. Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth
    . 2006. “Economic Disparities in Middle Childhood Development: Does Income Matter?” Developmental Psychology 42(6): 1154–67.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  70. ↵
    1. Wadsworth, Martha E.,
    2. Gary W. Evans,
    3. Kathryn Grant,
    4. Jocelyn S. Carter, and
    5. Sophia Duffy
    . 2016. “Poverty and the Development of Psychopathology.” In Developmental Psychopathology, 3rd ed., edited by Dante Cicchetti. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  71. ↵
    1. Weininger, Elliot B.,
    2. Annette Lareau, and
    3. Dalton Conley
    . 2015. “What Money Doesn't Buy: Class Resources and Children's Participation in Organized Extracurricular Activities.” Social Forces 94(2): 479–503.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  72. ↵
    1. Wolff, Edward N
    . 2017. “Household Wealth Trends in the United States, 1962 to 2016: Has Middle Class Wealth Recovered?” NBER working paper no. 24085. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  73. ↵
    1. Yellen, Janet L
    . 2016. “Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2(2): 44–59. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2016.2.2.02.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  74. ↵
    1. Yeung, W. Jean, and
    2. Dalton Conley
    . 2008. “Black–White Achievement Gap and Family Wealth.” Child Development 79(2): 303–24.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  75. ↵
    1. Yeung, W. Jean, and
    2. Sandra L. Hofferth
    . 1998. “Family Adaptations to Income and Job Loss in the US.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 19(3): 255–83.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  76. ↵
    1. Zhan, Min
    . 2006. “Assets, Parental Expectations and Involvement, and Children’s Educational Performance.” Children and Youth Services Review 28(8): 961–75.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  77. ↵
    1. Zhan, Min, and
    2. Michael Sherraden
    . 2003. “Assets, Expectations, and Children’s Educational Achievement in Female-Headed Households.” Social Service Review 77(2): 191–211.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: 7 (3)
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Vol. 7, Issue 3
1 Aug 2021
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Wealth and Child Development: Differences in Associations by Family Income and Developmental Stage
(Your Name) has sent you a message from RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
12 + 1 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Wealth and Child Development: Differences in Associations by Family Income and Developmental Stage
Portia Miller, Tamara Podvysotska, Laura Betancur, Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Aug 2021, 7 (3) 154-174; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2021.7.3.07

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Wealth and Child Development: Differences in Associations by Family Income and Developmental Stage
Portia Miller, Tamara Podvysotska, Laura Betancur, Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Aug 2021, 7 (3) 154-174; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2021.7.3.07
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF WEALTH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT
    • LINKS BETWEEN WEALTH AND CHILD OUTCOMES
    • DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ROLE OF WEALTH
    • RESEARCH AIMS
    • METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • family wealth
  • family income
  • income volatility
  • child development
  • achievement
  • behavior problems

© 2025 RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Powered by HighWire