Working to Avoid Incarceration: Jail Threat and Labor Market Outcomes for Noncustodial Fathers Facing Child Support Enforcement

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Augustine, Dallas

   . 2019. “Working Around the Law: Navigating Legal Barriers to Good Work During Reentry.” Law & Social Inquiry 44(3): 726–51.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Beckett, Katherine, and
   2. Naomi Murakawa

   . 2012. “Mapping the Shadow Carceral State: Toward an Institutionally Capacious Approach to Punishment.” Theoretical Criminology 16(2): 221–44.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Bernhardt, Annette,
   2. Heather Boushey,
   3. Laura Dresser, and
   4. Chris Tilly

   . 2008. Introduction to The Gloves-Off Economy: Workplace Standards at the Bottom of America’s Labor Market, edited by Annette Bernhardt, Heather Boushey, Laura Dresser, and Chris Tilly. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4. ↵
   1. Brambor, Thomas,
   2. William Roberts Clark, and
   3. Matt Golder

   . 2006. “Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses.” Political Analysis 14(1): 63–82.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
5. ↵
   1. Brito, Tonya

   . 2012. “Fathers Behind Bars: Rethinking Child Support Policy Toward Low-Income Fathers and Their Families.” Journal of Gender, Race & Justice 15(3): 617–73.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Bumiller, Kristin

   . 2015. “Bad Jobs and Good Workers: The Hiring of Ex-Prisoners in a Segmented Economy.” Theoretical Criminology 19(3): 336–54.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
7. ↵
   1. Cadigan, Michele, and
   2. Gabriela Kirk

   . 2020. “On Thin Ice: Bureaucratic Processes of Monetary Sanctions and Job Insecurity.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 113–31. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.05.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
8. ↵
   1. Cammett, Ann

   . 2011. “Deadbeats, Deadbrokes, and Prisoners.” Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy 18(2): 127–68.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Cancian, Maria,
   2. Robert H. Haveman,
   3. Daniel R. Meyer, and
   4. Barbara Wolfe

   . 2002. “Before and After TANF: The Economic Well-Being of Women Leaving Welfare.” Social Service Review 76(4): 603–41.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
10. ↵
    1. Cancian, Maria,
    2. Carolyn J. Heinrich, and
    3. Yiyoon Chung

    . 2013. “Discouraging Disadvantaged Fathers’ Employment: An Unintended Consequence of Policies Designed to Support Families.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 32(4): 758–84.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Chung, Yiyoon

    . 2011. “Child Support as Labor Regulation.” Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 38(3): 73–99.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Colgan, Beth A

    . 2018. “The Excessive Fines Clause: Challenging the Modern Debtors’ Prison.” UCLA Law Review 65(2): 2–77.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Cook, Steven, and
    2. Jennifer L. Noyes

    . 2011. “The Use of Civil Contempt and Criminal Nonsupport as Child Support Enforcement Tools: A Report on Local Perspectives and the Availability of Data.” Madison: University of Wisconsin–Madison Institute for Research on Poverty.
14. ↵
    1. Cozzolino, Elizabeth

    . 2018. “Public Assistance, Relationship Context, and Jail for Child Support Debt.” Socius 4(1): 1–25.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. Doherty, Fiona

    . 2015. “Obey All Laws and Be Good: Probation and the Meaning of Recidivism.” Georgetown Law Journal 104(2): 291–354.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Dwyer Emory, Allison,
    2. Lenna Nepomnyaschy,
    3. Maureen R. Waller,
    4. Daniel P. Miller, and
    5. Alexandra Haralampoudis

    . 2020. “Providing After Prison: Nonresident Fathers’ Formal and Informal Contributions to Children.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 84–112. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.04.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. ↵
    1. Eagly, Ingrid V

    . 2010. “Prosecuting Immigration.” Northwestern University Law Review 104(4): 1281–359.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Family Division

    . 2017. “Family Division Bench Warrant Amnesty Program.” Press release (August). Pittsburgh: Fifth Judicial District of Pennsylvania, County of Allegheny.
19. ↵
    1. Geller, Amanda,
    2. Kate Jaeger, and
    3. Garrett T. Pace

    . 2016. “Surveys, Records, and the Study of Incarceration in Families.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 665(1): 22–43.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
20. ↵
    1. Geller, Amanda,
    2. Kate Jaeger, and
    3. Garrett T. Pace

    . 2018. “Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) in Life Course Health Development Research.” In Handbook of Life Course Health Development, edited by Neal Halfon, Christopher B. Forrest, Richard M. Lerner, and Elaine M. Faustman. Cham, CH: Springer International Publishing.
21. ↵
    1. Gurusami, Susila

    . 2017. “Working for Redemption: Formerly Incarcerated Black Women and Punishment in the Labor Market.” Gender & Society 31(4): 433–56.

    OpenUrl
22. ↵
    1. Gustafson, Kaaryn

    . 2009. “The Criminalization of Poverty.”Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 99(3): 643–716.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Hampson, Christopher D

    . 2016. “The New American Debtors’ Prisons.” American Journal of Criminal Law 44(1): 1–48.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Handler, Joel F., and
    2. Yeheskel Hasenfeld

    . 1991. The Moral Construction of Poverty: Welfare Reform in America. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.
25. ↵
    1. Haney, Lynne

    . 2018. “Incarcerated Fatherhood: The Entanglements of Child Support Debt and Mass Imprisonment.” American Journal of Sociology 124(1): 1–48.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Harris, Alexes

    . 2016. A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
27. ↵
    1. Holzer, Harry J.,
    2. Paul Offner, and
    3. Elaine Sorensen

    . 2005. “Declining Employment Among Young Black Less-Educated Men: The Role of Incarceration and Child Support.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 24(2): 329–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
28. ↵
    1. Holzer, Harry J.,
    2. Steven Raphael, and
    3. Michael A. Stoll

    . 2004. “Will Employers Hire Ex-Offenders? Employer Preferences, Background Checks and Their Determinants.” In Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration, edited by Mary Pattillo, David Weiman, and Bruce Western. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
29. ↵
    1. Kalleberg, Arne L

    . 2011. Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: The Rise of Polarized and Precarious Employment Systems in the United States, 1970s–2000s. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
30. ↵
    1. Mead, Lawrence M

    . 2007. “Toward a Mandatory Work Policy for Men.” The Future of Children 17(2): 43–72.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. ↵
    1. Miller, Daniel P., and
    2. Ronald B. Mincy

    . 2012. “Falling Further Behind? Child Support Arrears and Fathers’ Labor Force Participation.” Social Service Review 86(4): 604–35.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
32. ↵
    1. Nepomnyaschy, Lenna, and
    2. Irwin Garfinkel

    . 2010. “Child Support Enforcement and Fathers’ Contributions to Their Nonmarital Children.” Social Service Review 84(3): 341–80.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
33. ↵
    1. Office of Child Support Enforcement

    . 2014. “Flexibility, Efficiency, and Modernization in Child Support Enforcement Programs.” Federal Register 79(221): 68548–87. Accessed October 14, 2019. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2014-11-17/pdf/2014-26822.pdf.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Pager, Devah

    . 2008. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. ↵
    1. Patterson, Elizabeth G

    . 2008. “Civil Contempt and the Indigent Child Support Obligor: The Silent Return of Debtor’s Prison.” Cornell Journal of Law & Public Policy 18(1): 95–141.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Pettit, Becky, and
    2. Christopher Lyons

    . 2007. “Status and the Stigma of Incarceration: The Labor Market Effects of Incarceration by Race, Class, and Criminal Involvement.” In Barriers to Reentry?: The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by Shawn D. Bushway, David F. Weiman, and Michael A. Stoll. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
37. ↵
    1. Phelps, Michelle S

    . 2016. “Mass Probation: Toward a More Robust Theory of State Variation in Punishment.” Punishment & Society 19(1): 53–73.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Pirog, Maureen A., and
    2. Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest

    . 2006. “Child Support Enforcement: Programs and Policies, Impacts and Questions.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25(4): 943–90.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
39. ↵
    Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1999. “Crackdown Nets Support.” April 19, 1999, C-2.
40. ↵
    1. Pope, James Gray

    . 2010. “Contract, Race, and Freedom of Labor in the Constitutional Law of ‘Involuntary Servitude.’” Yale Law Journal 119: 1474–567.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Rich, Lauren M.,
    2. Irwin Garfinkel, and
    3. Qin Gao

    . 2007. “Child Support Enforcement Policy and Unmarried Fathers’ Employment in the Underground and Regular Economies.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 26(4): 791–810.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
42. ↵
    1. Robles, Frances, and
    2. Shaila Dewan

    . 2015. “Skip Child Support. Go to Jail. Lose Job. Repeat.” New York Times, April 20, 2015.
43. ↵
    1. Roebuck, Karen

    . 2007. “Deadbeat Allegheny County Parents Offered Amnesty.” Pittsburgh Tribune Review, October 26.
44. ↵
    1. Rusche, Georg, and
    2. Otto Kirchheimer

    . 1939. Punishment and Social Structure. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
45. ↵
    1. Sabol, William

    . 2007. “Local Labor Market Conditions and Post-Prison Employment Experiences of Offenders Released from Ohio State Prisons.” In Barriers to Reentry?: The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by Shawn D. Bushway, David F. Weiman, and Michael A. Stoll. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
46. ↵
    1. Schroeder, Daniel, and
    2. Nicholas Doughty

    . 2009. “Texas Non-Custodial Parent Choices: Program Impact Analysis.” Austin, Tex.: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs.
47. ↵
    1. Seim, Josh, and
    2. David J. Harding

    . 2020. “Parolefare: Post-prison Supervision and Low-Wage Work.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 173–95. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.08.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
48. ↵
    1. Simon, Jonathan

    . 1993. Poor Discipline: Parole and the Social Control of the Underclass, 1890–1990. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49. ↵
    1. Smith, Kristina E

    . 2002. “The Complicated Game of Child Support in Illinois: Does Anyone Really Win?” Public Interest Law Reporter 7(2): 1–7.

    OpenUrl
50. ↵
    1. Solomon-Fears, Carmen

    . 2007. “Child Support Enforcement Program Incentive Payments: Background and Policy Issues.” CRS report no. RL34203. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
51. ↵
    1. Sorensen, Elaine

    . 2010. “Rethinking Public Policy Toward Low-Income Fathers in the Child Support Program.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 29(3): 604–10.

    OpenUrl
52. ↵
    1. Sorensen, Elaine,
    2. Liliana Sousa, and
    3. Simon Schaner

    . 2007. “Assessing Child Support Arrears in Nine Large States and the Nation.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
53. ↵
    1. Soss, Joe,
    2. Richard C. Fording, and
    3. Sanford Schram

    . 2011. Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
54. ↵
    1. Stafford, Mark C., and
    2. Mark Warr

    . 1993. “A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30(2): 123–35.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
55. ↵
    1. Stoll, Michael A., and
    2. Shawn Bushway

    . 2008. “The Effect of Criminal Background Checks on Hiring Ex-Offenders.” Criminology and Public Policy 7(3): 371–404.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
56. ↵
    1. Stuart, Forrest

    . 2011. “Race, Space, and the Regulation of Surplus Labor: Policing African Americans in Los Angeles’s Skid Row.” Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 13(2): 197–212.

    OpenUrl
57. ↵
    1. Sugie, Naomi F

    . 2018. “Work as Foraging: A Smartphone Study of Job Search and Employment After Prison.” American Journal of Sociology 123(5): 1453–91.

    OpenUrl
58. ↵
    1. Travis, Jeremy,
    2. Bruce Western, and
    3. Steven Redburn

    , eds. 2014. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, National Research Council.
59. ↵
    1. Travis, Lawrence F., and
    2. James Stacey

    . 2010. “A Half Century of Parole Rules: Conditions of Parole in the United States, 2008.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38(4): 604–08.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
60. ↵
    1. Turetsky, Vicki

    . 2012. “Alternatives to Incarceration.” Information Memorandum IM-12–01. Washington: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Support Enforcement.
61. ↵
    1. Wacquant, Loïc

    . 2009. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
62. ↵
    1. Western, Bruce, and
    2. Katherine Beckett

    . 1999. “How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution.” American Journal of Sociology 104(4): 1030–60.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
63. ↵
    1. Williams, Lucy A

    . 1999. “Unemployment Insurance and Low Wage Work.” In Hard Labor: Women and Work in the Post-Welfare Era, edited by Joel F. Handler and Lucie White. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
64. ↵
    1. Zatz, Noah D

    . 2019. “Get to Work or Go to Jail: State Violence and the Racialized Production of Precarious Work.” Law & Social Inquiry. Published online December 12. DOI: 10.1017/lsi.2019.56.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
65. ↵
    1. Zatz, Noah D.,
    2. Tia Koonse,
    3. Theresa Zhen,
    4. Lucero Herrera,
    5. Han Lu,
    6. Steven Shafer, and
    7. Blake Valenta

    . 2016. “Get to Work or Go to Jail: Workplace Rights Under Threat.” Los Angeles: UCLA Labor Center.