How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? The Missing Kerner Commission Report

REFERENCES

1. African American Policy Forum. 2015. “Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women.” New York: Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies. Accessed May 3, 2018. http://www.aapf.org/publications/.
2. ↵
   Alexander, Michelle. 2010. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press.
3. ↵
   Amnesty International USA. 2005. Stonewalled: Police Abuse and Misconduct Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People in the U.S. New York: Amnessty International USA.
4. ↵
   Anderson, Carol. 2016. White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of the Racial Divide. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
5. ↵
   Baradaran, Mehrsa. 2017. The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth Gap. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
6. ↵
   Beck, E. M., and Stewart E. Tolnay. 1995. “Violence Toward African Americans in the Era of the White Lynch Mob.” In Ethnicity, Race, and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place, edited by Darnell Felix Hawkins. Albany: State University of New York Press.
7. ↵
   Berard, Tim J. 2012. “Collective Action, Collective Reaction: Inspecting Bad Apples in Accounts for Organizational Deviance & Discrimination.” Interaction and Everyday Life: Phenomenological and Ethnomethodological Essays in Honor of George Psathas: 261–77.
8. ↵
   Brophy, Alfred L. 2003. Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation. New York: Oxford University Press.
9. ↵
   Chicago Commission on Race Relations. 1922. The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. ↵
    Chicago Tribune. 2014. “The 10 Most-Costly Riots in the U.S.” November 26. Accessed May 3, 2018. http://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-insurance-civil-unrest-riots-bix-gfx-20141126-htmlstory.html.
11. ↵
    Clarke, James W. 1998. The Lineaments of Wrath: Race, Violent Crime, and American Culture. Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
12. ↵
    1. Cohen, Cathy J., and
    2. Sarah J. Jackson

    . 2016. “Ask a Feminist: A Conversation with Cathy J. Cohen on Black Lives Matter, Feminism, and Contemporary Activism.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 41(4): 775–92.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Collins, Patricia Hill

    . 2000. “Gender, Black Feminism, and Black Political Economy.” ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 568(1): 41–53.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. ↵
    1. Collins, William J., and
    2. Robert A. Margo

    . 2007. “The Economic Aftermath of the 1960s Riots in American Cities: Evidence from Property Values.” Journal of Economic History 67(4): 849–83. DOI: 10.1017/S0022050707000423.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
15. 1. Cook, Lisa

    . 2014. “Violence and Economic Activity: Evidence from African American Patents, 1870–1940.” Journal of Economic Growth 19(2): 221–57.

    OpenUrl
16. 1. Crenshaw, Kimberlé

    . 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989(1): 139–67.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 2014. “The Girls Obama Forgot, My Brother’s Keeper Ignores Young Black Women.” New York Times, July 29.
18. ↵
    1. Dailey, Jane

    . 1997. “Deference and Violence in the Postbellum Urban South: Manners and Massacres in Danville, Virginia.” Journal of Southern History 63(3): 553–90.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    Danville Committee of Forty. 1883. Danville Riot, November 3, 1883: Report of Committee of Forty: With Sworn Testimony of Thirty-Seven Witnesses, edited by John Hope Franklin Research Center. Reprint, Richmond, Va.: Johns & Goolsby.
20. ↵
    Davis, Angela. 2003. Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press.
21. ↵
    Davis, Angela. 2016. Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
22. ↵
    Du Bois, W. E. B. 2009. The Souls of Black Folk, edited by Nathan Irvin Huggins and John Edgar Wideman. New York: Library of America.
23. ↵
    Epstein, Rebecca, Jamilia J. Blake, and Thalia González. 2017. “Girl Interrupted: The Erasure of Black Girlhood.” Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Law School, Center on Poverty and Inequality.
24. ↵
    1. Eskew, Glenn T.

    1997. “‘Bombingham’: Black Protest in Postwar Birmingham, Alabama.” Historian 59(2): 371–90.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    Fanon, Frantz. 1961. The Wretched of the Earth, damnés de la terre. English. New York: Grove Press.
26. ↵
    Feimster, Crystal Nicole. 2009. Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
27. ↵
    Foner, Eric. 1988. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York. Harper Perennial.
28. Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage Press.
29. Frazier, E. Franklin. 1951. The Negro Family in the United States. New York: Dryden Press.
30. 1. Garland, James Allon

    . 2001. “The Low Road to Violence: Governmental Discrimination as a Catalyst for Pandemic Hate Crime.” Law & Sexuality: Rev. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Legal Issues 10(1): 1–91.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    Greene, Helen Taylor. 2000. “Understanding the Connections Between Race and Police Violence.” In The System in Black and White: Exploring the Connections Between Race, Crime, and Justice. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
32. ↵
    Gruening, Martha, and W. E. B. Du Bois. 1917. “The Massacre of East St. Louis.” The Crisis, September, 219–38.
33. ↵
    Hamilton, Tod G., and William Darity Jr. 2006. “An Interpretation of the Economic Impact of the Wilmington Riot of 1897 Summary of Preliminary Findings.” In 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Report, edited by LeRae Umfleet. Raleigh, N.C.: Wilmington Race Riot Commission.
34. ↵
    Harris-Perry, Melissa. 2011. Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
35. ↵
    1. Haynes, Robert V.

    1973. “The Houston Mutiny and Riot of 1917.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 76(4): 418–39.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Iris, Mark

    . 1983. “American Urban Riots Revisited.” American Behavioral Scientist 26(3): 333–52.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
37. ↵
    1. Jackson, Sarah. J.

    2016. “(Re)Imagining Intersectional Democracy from Black Feminism to Hashtag Activism.” Women’s Studies in Communication 39(4): 375–79.

    OpenUrl
38. 1. Joseph, Peniel E.

    2017. “Why Black Lives Matter Still Matters.” New Republic 248(5): 16–19.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    Kerner Commission. 1968. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Washington: Government Printing Office.
40. ↵
    Khaleeli, Homa. 2016. “#SayHerName: Why Kimberle Chenshaw is Fighting for Forgotten Women.” The Guardian, May 30, 12.
41. ↵
    1. Kirshenbaum, Andrea Meryl

    . 1998. “The Vampire That Hovers over North Carolina: Gender, White Supremacy, and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898.” Southern Cultures 4(3): 6–30.

    OpenUrl
42. ↵
    1. Lersch, Kim Michelle, and
    2. Tom Mieczkowski

    . 2005. “Violent Police Behavior: Past, Present, and Future Research Directions.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 10(5): 552–68.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
43. ↵
    McGuire, Danielle L. 2010. At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance—A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power. New York: Vintage.
44. ↵
    McWhirter, Cameron. 2011. Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America. New York: Henry Holt.
45. ↵
    Merritt, Carole. 2008. Something So Horrible: The Springfield Riot of 1908. Springfield, Ill.: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation.
46. ↵
    Moynihan, Daniel P. 1965. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action. Washington: U.S. Department of Labor.
47. Myrdal, Gunnar. (1944) 1996. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, introduction by Sissela Bok. Reprint, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
48. NAACP. 1922. “The Anti-Lynching Crusaders: The Lynching of Women.” In NAACP Papers, Part 7: The Anti-Lynching Campaign, 1912–1955. Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
49. ↵
    Perl, Peter. 1999. “Race Riot of 1919 Gave Glimpse of Future Struggles.” Washington Post, March 1.
50. President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. 2015. Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
51. ↵
    1. Ransby, Barbara

    . 2015. “The Class Politics of Black Lives Matter.” Dissent 62(4): 31–34. DOI: 10.1353/dss.2015.0071.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
52. ↵
    Rehagen, Tony. 2017. “Forgotten Lessons from the 1917 East St. Louis Race Riots.” St. Louis Magazine. Accessed May 3, 2018. http://projects.stlmag.com/1917-stl-race-riots.
53. ↵
    Reich, Steven A. 2014. The Great Black Migration: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood.
54. ↵
    Richie, Beth. 2012. Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence and America’s Prison Nation. New York: New York University Press.
55. ↵
    Rucker, Walter C., and James N. Upton. 2007. Encyclopedia of American Race Riots: Greenwood Milestones in African American History. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
56. ↵
    1. Smith, Ashley

    . 2016. “#BlackWomenMatter: Neo-Capital Punishment Ideology in the Wake of State Violence.” Journal of Negro Education 85(3): 261–73.

    OpenUrl
57. Smith, Jessie Carney, and Linda T. Wynn. 2009. Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience. Detroit: Visible Ink Press.
58. ↵
    Ture, Kwame, and Charles V. Hamilton. 1967. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America, edited by Charles V. Hamilton. New York: Random House.
59. U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. 1917. House Committee on Rules. Riot at East St. Louis, Illinois: Hearings before the Committee on Rules. 65th Cong., 1st sess., on H.J. res. 118, August 3, 1917.
60. ↵
    Utsey, Shawn O., Mark A. Bolden, and Andraé L. Brown. 2001. “Visions of Revolution from the Spirit of Frantz Fanon: A Psychology of Liberation for Counseling African Americans Confronting Societal Racism and Oppression.” In Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, 2nd ed., edited by Casas Ponterotto and Alexander Suzuki. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
61. ↵
    Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1900. Mob Rule in New Orleans: Robert Charles and His Fight to Death, the Story of His Life, Burning Human Beings Alive, Other Lynching Statistics. Chicago: Ida B. Wells.
62. ↵
    Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1917. The East St. Louis Massacre: The Greatest Outrage of the Century. Chicago: The Negro Fellowship Herald Press.
63. The White House. 2014. “Remarks by the President on ‘My Brother’s Keeper’ Initiative.” February 27. Washington: Office of the Press Secretary.
64. ↵
    Wicentowski, Danny. 2017. “First-Hand Accounts Show the Horror of East St. Louis’ 1917 Race Riot.” Riverfront Times, June 28. Accessed May 3, 2018. https://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2017/06/28/first-hand-accounts-show-the-horror-of-east-louis-1917-race-riot.
65. ↵
    Wilkerson, Isabel. 2010. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration. New York: Random House.
66. ↵
    Williams, Lee E. 1972. Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (Arkansas), Tulsa, and Chicago, 1919–1921. Hattiesburg: University and College Press of Mississippi.