Black Immigration, Occupational Niches, and Earnings Disparities Between U.S.-Born and Foreign-Born Blacks in the United States

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Adelman, Robert M.,
   2. Hui-shien Tsao, , and
   3. Stewart E. Tolnay

   . 2006. “Occupational Disparity in a Migrant Metropolis: A Case Study of Atlanta.” Sociological Spectrum 26(3): 269–87.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
2. ↵
   Anderson, Monica. 2015. “A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population Is Foreign Born.” Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center.
3. ↵
   1. Borjas, George J

   . 1985. “Assimilation, Changes in Cohort Quality, and the Earnings of Immigrants.” Journal of Labor Economics 3(4): 463–89.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. ↵
   1. Borjas, George J

   . 1986. “The Self-Employment Experience of Immigrants.” Journal of Human Resources 21(4): 485–506.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
5. ↵
   1. Borjas, George J

   . 1987. “Self-Selection and the Earnings of Immigrants.” American Economic Review 77(4): 531–53.

   OpenUrlWeb of Science
6. ↵
   1. Chiswick, Barry R

   . 1991. “Speaking, Reading, and Earnings among Low-Skilled Immigrants.” Journal of Labor Economics 9(2): 149–70.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
7. ↵
   1. Chiswick, Barry R., and
   2. Paul W. Miller

   . 1995. “The Endogeneity Between Language and Earnings: International Analyses.” Journal of Labor Economics 13(2): 246–88.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
8. ↵
   1. Correll, Shelley J.,
   2. Stephen Benard, , and
   3. In Paik

   . 2007. “Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?” American Journal of Sociology 112(5): 1297–1339.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
9. 1. Eckstein, Susan, and
   2. Giovanni Peri

   . 2018. “Immigrant Niches and Immigrant Networks in the U.S. Labor Market.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 4(1): 1–17. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2018.4.1.01.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
10. ↵
    1. Foner, Nancy

    . 1985. “Race and Color: Jamaican Migrants in London and New York City.” International Migration Review 19(4): 708–27.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. ↵
    1. Foner, Nancy

    . 2009. “Gender and Migration: West Indians in Comparative Perspective.” International Migration 47(1): 3–29.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. ↵
    1. Fong, Eric, and
    2. Jing Shen

    . 2011. “Explaining Ethnic Enclave, Ethnic Entrepreneurial and Employment Niches: A Case Study of Chinese in Canadian Immigrant Gateway Cities.” Urban Studies 48(8): 1605–33.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. 1. Gold, Steven J

    . 2018. “Israeli Infotech Migrants in Silicon Valley.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 4(1): 130–48. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2018.4.1.08.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. ↵
    1. Hamilton, Tod G

    . 2014. “Selection, Language Heritage, and the Earnings Trajectories of Black Immigrants in the United States.” Demography 51(3): 975–1002.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. Ifatunji, Mosi Adesina

    . 2016. “A Test of the Afro Caribbean Model Minority Hypothesis.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13(1): 109–38.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    Kasinitz, Philip. 1992. Caribbean New York: Black Immigrants and the Politics of Race. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
17. ↵
    Kasinitz, Philip, and Milton Vickerman. 2001. “Ethnic Niches and Racial Traps: Jamaicans in the New York Regional Economy.” In Migration, Transnationalization, and Race in a Changing New York, edited by Héctor R. Cordero-Guzmán, Robert C. Smith, and Ramón Grosfoguel (Philadelphia: Temple University Press).
18. ↵
    1. Kent, Mary Mederios

    . 2007. “Immigration and America’s Black Population.” Population Bulletin 62(4): 1–16.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. Korenman, Sanders, and
    2. David Neumark

    . 1991. “Does Marriage Really Make Men More Productive?” Journal of Human Resources 26(2): 282–307.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. ↵
    1. Lee, Jennifer C

    . 2013. “Employment and Earnings in High-Tech Ethnic Niches.” Social Forces 91(3): 747–84.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. ↵
    Light, Ivan, and Steven J. Gold. 2000. Ethnic Economies. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald Group.
22. ↵
    Logan, John R., and Richard D. Alba. 1999. “Minority Niches and Immigrant Enclaves in New York and Los Angeles: Trends and Impacts.” In Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States, edited by Frank Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
23. ↵
    1. Model, Suzanne

    . 1997a. “Ethnic Economy and Industry in Mid-Twentieth-Century Gotham.” Social Problems 44(4): 445–63.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
24. ↵
    1. Model, Suzanne

    . 1997b. “An Occupational Tale of Two Cities: Minorities in London and New York.” Demography 34(4): 539–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
25. ↵
    Model, Suzanne. 2008. West Indian Immigrants: A Black Success Story? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
26. ↵
    1. Model, Suzanne, and
    2. Gene Fisher

    2001. “Black-White Unions: West Indians and African Americans Compared.” Demography 38(2): 177–85.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. ↵
    1. Portes, Alejandro, and
    2. Leif Jensen

    . 1989. “The Enclave and the Entrants: Patterns of Ethnic Enterprise in Miami Before and After Mariel.” American Sociological Review 54(6): 929–49.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
28. ↵
    1. Portes, Alejandro, and
    2. Robert D. Manning

    . 2005. “The Immigrant Enclave: Theory and Empirical Examples.” The Urban Sociology Reader 38: 583–94.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Portes, Alejandro, and
    2. Steven Shafer

    . 2007. “Revisiting the Enclave Hypothesis: Miami Twenty-Five Years Later.” Research in the Sociology of Organizations 25: 157–90.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
30. ↵
    Rosenfeld, Michael J., and Marta Tienda. 1999. “Mexican Immigration, Occupational Niches, and Labor-Market Competition: Evidence from Los Angeles, Chicago, and Atlanta, 1970 to 1990.” In Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States, edited by Frank Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
31. ↵
    Ruggles, Steven, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, and Matthew Sobek. 2015. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. DOI: 10.18128/D010.V6.0.
32. ↵
    Sowell, Thomas. 1975. Race and Economics. New York: David McKay.
33. ↵
    Sowell, Thomas. 1978. “Three Black Histories.“ In Essays and Data on American Ethnic Groups, edited by Thomas Sowell and Lynn D. Collins. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
34. ↵
    Sowell, Thomas. 1981. Ethnic America: A History. New York: Basic Books.
35. ↵
    Sowell, Thomas. 1983. The Economics and Politics of Race: An International Perspective. New York: William Morrow.
36. ↵
    Vickerman, Milton. 1998. Crosscurrents: West Indian Immigrants and Race. New York: Oxford University Press.
37. ↵
    1. Waldinger, Roger

    . 1994. “The Making of an Immigrant Niche.” International Migration Review 28(1): 3–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. ↵
    Waldinger, Roger. 1996. Still the Promised City? African-Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
39. ↵
    Waldinger, Roger. 2001. Strangers at the Gates: New Immigrants in Urban America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
40. ↵
    Waldinger, Roger, Frank Bean, and Stephanie Bell-Rose. 1999. Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
41. ↵
    Waters, Mary C. 1999. Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. New York and Cambridge, Mass.: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press.
42. ↵
    1. Wilson, Franklin D

    . 2003. “Ethnic Niching and Metropolitan Labor Markets.” Social Science Research 32(3): 429–66.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science