Using Urban Renewal Records to Advance Reparative Justice

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Abrams, Charles

   . 1965. The City Is the Frontier. New York: Harper & Row.
2. ↵
   1. Appler, Douglas R

   . 2017. “Changing the Scale of Analysis for Urban Renewal Research: Small Cities, the State of Kentucky, and the 1974 Urban Renewal Directory.” Journal of Planning History 16(3): 200–221.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Baldwin, James

   . 1963. Interview by Kenneth Clark, “The Negro and the American Promise.” Aired April 1, rebroadcast April 28, 2021. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/video/race-problem-sw2bgt.
4. ↵
   1. Berman, Daniel S

   . 1969. Urban Renewal: Bonanza of the Real Estate Business. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
5. ↵
   1. Boussac, Tamara

   . 2023. “‘A Dumping Ground for the South’: Race, Place, and Poverty in Newburgh, New York (1945–1961).” Journal of Urban History 49(6): 1263–81.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Cebul, Brent

   . 2020. “Tearing Down Black America.” Boston Review, July 22. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/brent-cebul-tearing-down-black-america.
7. ↵
   1. City of Asheville

   . 2020a. “Resolution No. 20–184: Resolution Directing the City Manager to Suspend the Sale or Change the Zoning Use of Any City Property Acquired Through Urban Renewal Until Further Policy Direction Has Been Reviewed.” October 27. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NMzBfaLhq-P-jyXS3uWY6RhgolpNOjfw/view.
8. ↵
   1. City of Asheville

   . 2020b. “Resolution No. 20–128: Resolution Supporting Community Reparations for Black Asheville.” July 14. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://www.ashevillenc.gov/department/city-clerk/boards-and-commissions/reparations-commission.
9. ↵
   1. City of Asheville

   . 2021. “Urban Renewal & City Owned Property.” Accessed January 18, 2024. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/ba1e9d724a1a4916bc9ff134283e5a43.
10. ↵
    1. Craemer, Thomas,
    2. Trevor Smith,
    3. Brianna Harrison,
    4. Trevon Logan,
    5. Wesley Bellamy, and
    6. William A. Darity Jr.

    . 2020. “Wealth Implications of Slavery and Racial Discrimination for African American Descendants of the Enslaved.” Review of Black Political Economy 47(3): 218–254.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Dagen, Irvin, and
    2. Edward C. Cody

    . 1961. “Property, et al. v. Nuisance, et al.” Law and Contemporary Problems 26(1): 70–84.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Darity, William A., Jr.

    . 2008. “Forty Acres and a Mule in the 21st Century.” Social Science Quarterly 89(3): 656–64.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. ↵
    1. Davies, Elizabeth Jordie,
    2. Jenn M. Jackson, and
    3. David J. Knight

    . 2024. “Limited Scopes of Repair: Black Reparations Strategies and the Constraints of Local Redress Policy.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 10(3): 162–83. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2024.10.3.08.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Di, Zhu Xiao

    . 2007. “Growing Wealth, Inequality, and Housing in the United States.” Working paper no. W07–01. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Joint Center for Housing Studies.
15. ↵
    1. Digital Scholarship Lab

    . n.d. “Renewing Inequality: Urban Renewal, Family Displacements, and Race 1950–1966.” American Panorama, edited by Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers. Richmond, Va.: University of Richmond. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/renewal/#view=0/0/1&viz=scatterplot.
16. ↵
    1. Downs, Anthony

    . 1970. “Losses Imposed on Urban Households by Uncompensated Highway and Renewal Costs.” In Urban Problems and Prospects, edited by Anthony Downs. Chicago: Markham Publishing.
17. ↵
    1. Dwarka, Kevin

    . 2021. “Newburgh Housing Report, Working Paper II: Housing Policy Framework.” Tarrytown, N.Y.: Leviticus Fund and Kevin Dwarka LLC. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://leviticusfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Working-Paper-II_Newburgh-Housing-Policy-Framework.pdf.
18. ↵
    1. Francis, Dania V.,
    2. Darrick Hamilton,
    3. Thomas W. Mitchell,
    4. Nathan A. Rosenberg, and
    5. Bryce Wilson Stucki

    . 2022. “Black Land Loss: 1920–1997.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May): 38–42.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Fullilove, Mindy

    . 2004. Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America, and What We Can Do About It. New York: One World.
20. ↵
    1. Hartman, Chester W

    . 1966. “The Housing of Relocated Families.” In Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy, edited by James Q. Wilson, 293–335. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
21. ↵
    1. Hartman, Chester W

    . 1971. “Relocation: Illusory Promises and No Relief.” Virginia Law Review 57(5): 745–817.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
22. ↵
    1. Herbert, Christopher E.,
    2. Daniel T. McCue, and
    3. Rocio Sanchez-Moyano

    . 2013. “Is Homeownership Still an Effective Means of Building Wealth for Low-income and Minority Households? (Was It Ever?).” Working paper HBTL-06. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Joint Center for Housing Studies.
23. ↵
    1. Highway Research Board

    . 1970. Relocation: Social and Economic Aspects. Special report 110. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council.
24. ↵
    1. Hochfelder, David

    . 2022. “Renewed or Ruined? Urban Renewal in Upstate New York.” New York Archives Magazine 21(3): 28–33.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Hochfelder, David

    . 2023. “Toward a Social History of Urban Renewal.” In The Many Geographies of Urban Renewal: New Perspectives on the Housing Act of 1949, edited by Douglas R. Appler. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.
26. 1. Housing Authority of the City of Asheville

    . Special Collections and University Archives, University of North Carolina, Asheville.
27. ↵
    1. Jette, Aaron

    . 2021. “Accounting for Federal Highway Displacement from 1956 to 1976.” Unpublished manuscript. U.S. Department of Transportation Volpe Center.
28. ↵
    1. Kanner, Gideon

    . 1973. “Condemnation Blight: Just How Just Is Just Compensation.” Notre Dame Law Review 48(4): 765–810.

    OpenUrl
29. 1. Kingston Urban Renewal Agency

    . Ulster County Hall of Records, Kingston, NY.
30. ↵
    1. Lane, Haley M.,
    2. Rachel Morello-Frosch,
    3. Julian D. Marshall, and
    4. Joshua S. Apte

    . 2022. “Historical Redlining Is Associated with Present-Day Air Pollution Disparities in U.S. Cities.” Environmental Science & Technology Letters 9: 345–50.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    Legislative History, Public Law 91-646, S. 1. 1971. Accessed February 14, 2024. https://archive.org/details/PL91646/page/n1/mode/2up.
32. ↵
    1. Mace, Ruth L

    . 1967. “Inside East Riverside.” Housing Authority of the City of Asheville Records, Special Collections, D. H. Ramsey Library. Asheville: University of North Carolina Asheville.
33. ↵
    1. Marciano, Richard,
    2. Rosemary Grant,
    3. Alexis Hill,
    4. Philip Nicholas,
    5. Noah Scheer,
    6. Alan Wierdak,
    7. Mark Conrad, and
    8. Arthur “Ray” McCoy

    . 2022. “Promoting Archival Engagement through Computational Interventions.” Paper presented at DIGI-Archives-2022: International Conference on Digital Archives, Data and Memory. Copenhagen (August 26, 2022).
34. ↵
    1. Meyer, Claire

    . 2019. “Lasting Scars: Cincinnati’s Urban Renewal in the West End.” MA thesis. Historic Preservation Planning, Cornell University.
35. 1. Newburgh Urban Renewal Agency

    . M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY.
36. ↵
    1. Newton, Monique, and
    2. Matthew D. Nelsen

    . 2024. “The Politics of Expedience: Evanston, Illinois, and the Fight for Reparations.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 10(3): 114–39. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2024.10.3.06.

    OpenUrl
37. ↵
    1. Nickolof, Steven Michael

    . 2015. “Urban Renewal in Asheville: A History of Racial Segregation and Black Activism.” MA thesis, Western Carolina University.
38. ↵
    1. Niebanck, Paul L., and
    2. John B. Pope

    . 1965. The Elderly in Older Urban Areas: Problems of Adaptation and the Effects of Relocation. Philadelphia: Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
39. ↵
    1. Orlebeke, Charles J

    . 2000. “The Evolution of Low-Income Housing Policy, 1949 to 1999.” Housing Policy Debate 11(2): 489–520.

    OpenUrl
40. ↵
    1. Pfau, Ann, and
    2. Stacy Kinlock Sewell

    . 2020. “Newburgh’s ‘Last Chance’: The Elusive Promise of Urban Renewal in a Small and Divided City.” Journal of Planning History 19(3): 144–63.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Raymond & May Associates

    . 1961. “Rondout Urban Area NYR-64 (GN) General Neighborhood Renewal Plan.” Unpublished report in authors’ possession.
42. ↵
    1. Reinhardt, Bob

    . n.d. “The Atlas of Drowned Towns.” https://drownedtowns.com.
43. ↵
    1. Remapping Southside Community Mapping Tool

    . n.d. Accessed October 15, 2023. http://34.75.97.13/map.
44. ↵
    1. Reneau, Olivia J

    . 2024. “Justice Delayed: An Analysis of Local Proposals for Black Reparations.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 10(3): 140–61. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2024.10.3.07.

    OpenUrl
45. ↵
    1. Samuel Dubois Cook Center on Social Equity

    . 2019. “The Plunder of Black Wealth: New Findings on the Lasting Toll of Predatory Housing Contracts.” Durham, N.C.: Duke University. https://socialequity.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Plunder-of-Black-Wealth-in-Chicago.pdf.
46. ↵
    1. Satter, Beryl

    . 2010. Family Properties: How the Struggle over Race and Real Estate Transformed Chicago and Urban America. New York: Metropolitan Books.
47. ↵
    1. Spatz, David Alexander

    . 2010. “Roads to Postwar Urbanism: Expressway Building and the Transformation of Metropolitan Chicago, 1930–1975.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.
48. ↵
    1. Sumka, Howard J., and
    2. Biliana Cicin-Sain

    . 1978. “Displacement in Revitalizing Neighborhoods: A Review and Research Strategy.” Report for the Division of Community Conservation Research, Office of Policy Development and Research, HUD. Albany, N.Y: Historic Albany Foundation Files.
49. ↵
    1. Teaford, Jon C

    . 2000. “Urban Renewal and Its Aftermath.” Housing Policy Debate 11(2): 443–65.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. ↵
    1. Travis, Dempsey J

    . 1978. “How Whites Are Taking Back Black Neighborhoods.” Ebony 33(11): 72–83.

    OpenUrl
51. ↵
    1. U.S. Bureau of the Census

    . 1953. 1950 Census of the Population: Vol. 2. Characteristics of the Population. Washington: Government Printing Office. Accessed January 16, 2024. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1953/dec/population-vol-02.html.
52. ↵
    1. U.S. Bureau of the Census

    . 1961. 1960 Census of Population: Vol 1. Characteristics of the Population. Washington: Government Printing Office. Accessed January 16, 2024. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1961/dec/population-vol-01.html.
53. ↵
    1. U.S. Bureau of the Census

    . 1973. 1970 Census of Population: Vol. 1. Characteristics of the Population. Washington: Government Printing Office. Accessed January 16, 2024. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1973/dec/population-volume-1.html.
54. ↵
    1. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

    . 1961. The 50 States Report. Washington: Government Printing Office.
55. ↵
    1. U.S. Commission on Urban Problems

    . 1969. Building the American City: Report of the National Commission on Urban Problems to the Congress and the President of the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office.
56. ↵
    1. U.S. Congress. House Committee on Public Works

    . 1965. “Study of Compensation and Assistance for Persons Affected by Real Property Acquisition in Federal and Federally Assisted Programs.” 88th Cong., 2d sess. Committee Print No. 31, December 22.
57. ↵
    1. U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Public Works

    . 1968. Urban Highways: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Roads of the Committee on Public Works. 90th Cong., 1st sess. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Urban_Highways/ORg3AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1.
58. ↵
    1. U.S. Congress. Senate Special Committee on Aging

    . 1962. Relocation of Elderly People: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Involuntary Relocation of the Elderly. 87th Cong., 2d sess.
59. ↵
    1. U.S. Congress. Senate Special Committee on Aging

    . 1964. Services for Senior Citizens: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Federal, State, and Community Services. 88th Cong., 2d sess.
60. ↵
    1. U.S. Congress. Senate Subcommittee on Housing for the Elderly

    . 1962. Housing for the Elderly. Washington: Government Printing Office.
61. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

    . 1966. Urban Renewal Project Characteristics. Washington: Government Printing Office.
62. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

    . 1972. Statistical Yearbook. Washington: Government Printing Office.
63. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

    . 1974. Statistical Yearbook. Washington: Government Printing Office.
64. ↵
    1. U.S. Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA)

    . 1966. “The Housing of Relocated Families: Summary of a Census Bureau Survey.” In Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy, edited by James Q. Wilson, 336–52. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
65. ↵
    1. Von Hoffman, Alexander

    . 2000. “A Study in Contradictions: The Origins and Legacy of the Housing Act of 1949.” Housing Policy Debate 11(2): 299–326.

    OpenUrl
66. ↵
    1. Weiler, Conrad

    . 1979. NAN Handbook on Reinvestment Displacement: The Public Role in a New Housing Issue, 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Neighborhoods.
67. ↵
    1. Zillow

    . 2023. “Housing Data.” https://www.zillow.com/research/data.
68. ↵
    1. Zimmer, Basil

    . 1966. “The Small Businessman and Relocation.” In Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy, edited by James Q. Wilson, 380–404. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.