Research ArticleIV. The Prison as Poverty Institution
Open Access
Severe Deprivation and System Inclusion Among Children of Incarcerated Parents in the United States After the Great Recession
Bryan L. Sykes, Becky Pettit
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences November 2015, 1 (2) 108-132; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.2.06
Bryan L. Sykes
aAssistant professor, 3317 Social Ecology II, Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine
Becky Pettit
bProfessor of sociology, Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin

REFERENCES
- ↵Alexander, Michelle. 2010. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press.
- ↵
- ↵Beckett, Katherine, and Steve Herbert. 2009. Banished: The New Social Control in Urban America. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ↵
- ↵Beitsch, Rebecca. 2015. “States Rethink Restrictions on Food Stamps, Welfare for Drug Felons.” The Pew Charitable Trusts. Accessed August 5, 2015. Available at: http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2015/07/30/states-rethink-restrictions-on-food-stamps-welfare-for-drug-felons (accessed October 1, 2015).
- ↵
- Brayne, Sarah
- Carmines, Edward, and Richard Zeller. 1979. Reliability and Validity Assessment. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
- ↵CBS News. 2015. “GOP Cuts Medicare, Food Stamps in New Budget Blueprint.” March 16. Available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gop-cuts-medicare-food-stamps-in-new-budget-blueprint/ (accessed October 1, 2015).
- ↵
- Cho, Rosa Minhyo
- ↵
- Cho, Rosa Minhyo
- ↵
- Cho, Rosa Minhyo
- ↵
- ↵Clear, Todd. 2009. Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ↵Cloward, Richard, and Lloyd Ohlin. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press.
- ↵Cox, Robynn, and Sally Wallace. 2013. “The Impact of Incarceration on Food Insecurity Among Households with Children” Fragile Families Working Paper 13-05-FF. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University.
- ↵Danziger, Sheldon, and Christopher Wimer. 2014. “Poverty.” In State of the Union: The Poverty and Inequality Report, edited by Charles Varner, Marybeth Mattingly, Michelle Poulin, and David Grusky. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality.
- ↵DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, and Bernadette D. Proctor. 2014. “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013.” Current Population Reports P60-249. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau (September). Available at: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf (accessed October 1, 2015).
- ↵Eddy, J. Mark, and Julie Poehlmann, eds. 2010. Children of Incarcerated Parents: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
- ↵Edin, Kathryn, and Maria Kefelas. 2005. Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ↵
- ↵
- Foster, Holly, and
- John Hagan
- Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
- ↵Fox, Liana, Christopher Wimer, Irwin Garfinkel, Neeraj Kaushal, JaeHyun Nam, and Jane Waldfogel. “Trends in Deep Poverty from 1968 to 2011: The Influence of Family Structure, Employment Patterns, and the Safety Net.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 1(1): 14–34.
- ↵
- Freudenberg, Nicholas
- ↵
- ↵Garland, David. 1985. Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Stategies. Brookfield, Vt.: Gower Publishing.
- ↵Garland, David. 2001a. “The Meaning of Mass Imprisonment.” In Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences, edited by David Garland. London: Sage Publications.
- ↵Garland, David. 2001b. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ↵Geller, Amanda, Carey E. Cooper, Irwin Garfinkel, Ofira Schwartz-Soicher, and Ronald B. Mincy. 2012. “Beyond Absenteeism: Father Incarceration and Child Development.” Demography 49(1): 49–76.
- ↵Geller, Amanda, Irwin Garfinkel, Carey E. Cooper, and Ronald B. Mincy. 2009. “Parental Incarceration and Child Well-Being: Implications for Urban Families.” Social Science Quarterly 90(5): 1186–1202.
- Geller, Amanda,
- Irwin Garfinkel, and
- Bruce Western
- ↵Glaze, Lauren E., and Erinn J. Herberman. 2013. “Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012.” Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (December 19). Available at: http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4843 (accessed October 1, 2015).
- ↵Glaze, Lauren E., and Laura M. Maruschak. 2010. “Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children.” Special Report NCJ 222984. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (August). Available at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf (accessed October 1, 2015).
- ↵Goffman, Alice. 2014. On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Gustafson, Kaaryn. 2011. Cheating Welfare: Public Assistance and the Criminalization of Poverty. New York: New York University Press.
- ↵
- ↵
- Hagan, John, and
- Holly Foster
- ↵
- Hagan, John, and
- Holly Foster
- ↵
- ↵Johnson, Rucker. 2009. “Ever-Increasing Levels of Parental Incarceration and the Consequences for Children.” In Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom, edited by Steven Raphael and Michael Stoll. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- ↵
- Johnson, Rucker, and
- Steven Raphael
- King, Ryan, and
- Darren Wheelock
- ↵Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
- ↵
- Lopoo, Leonard, and
- Bruce Western
- ↵
- Massey, Douglas
- Massey, Douglas,
- Gretchen Condran, and
- Nancy Denton
- ↵Massey, Douglas, and Nancy Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
- Massoglia Michael,
- Brianna Remster, and
- Ryan King
- ↵
- Merton, Robert
- ↵Mumola, Christopher J. 2000. “Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Incarcerated Parents and Their Children.” Special Report NCJ 182335. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (August). Available at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/iptc.pdf (accessed October 1, 2015).
- Murray Joseph,
- Rolf Loeber, and
- Dustin Pardini
- ↵
- ↵
- Pager, Devah, and
- Lincoln Quillian
- ↵
- Patillo, Mary
- Peterson, Ruth D.,
- Lauren J. Krivo, and
- Mark A. Harris
- ↵Pettit, Becky. 2012. Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- ↵
- Pettit, Becky, and
- Bryan Sykes
- ↵Pettit, Becky, Bryan Sykes, and Bruce Western. 2009. “Technical Report on Revised Population Estimates and NLSY 79 Analysis Tables for the Pew Public Safety and Mobility Project.” Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University.
- ↵
- Pettit, Becky, and
- Bruce Western
- Pew Research Center. 2015. “Most Say Government Policies Since Recession Have Done Little to Help Middle Class, Poor.” March 4. Available at: http://www.people-press.org/files/2015/03/03-04-15-Economy-release.pdf (accessed October 1, 2015).
- ↵Powers, Daniel, and Yu Xie. 2000. Statistical Methods for Categorical Data Analysis. San Diego: Academic Press.
- ↵Resnikoff, Ned. 2014. “Congress Passes $8.7 Billion Food Stamp Cut.” MSNBC, February 4. Available at: http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/congress-passes-farm-bill-food-stamp-cuts (accessed October 1, 2015).
- Rosenbaum, Paul, and
- Donald Rubin
- Rosenbaum, Paul, and
- Donald Rubin
- ↵Sampson, Robert J., and John H. Laub. 1997. “A Life-Course Theory of Cumulative Disadvantage and the Stability of Delinquency.” In Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency, edited by Terence P. Thornberry. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
- Sampson, Robert,
- John Laub, and
- Christopher Wimer
- Sampson, Robert J.,
- Stephen W. Raudenbush, and
- Felton Earls
- ↵
- Sugie, Naomi
- ↵
- ↵Tonry, Michael. 1995. Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America. London: Oxford University Press.
- ↵Tracy, Tennille. 2015. “Republicans Eye Changes to Food-Stamp Program.” Wall Street Journal, February 11.
- ↵
- ↵
- Turney, Kristin, and
- Christopher Wildeman
- ↵
- Uggen, Christopher, and
- Jeff Manza
- ↵
- Uggen, Christopher, and
- Suzy McElrath
- U.S. Census Bureau. 2012. “Table 230. Educational Attainment by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex: 1970 to 2010.” Available at: https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/tables/12s0229.pdf (accessed February 16, 2021).
- ↵
- ↵
- Wacquant, Loïc
- ↵
- ↵———. 2013. Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ↵Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Western, Bruce, Leonard Lopoo, and Sara McLanahan. 2004. “Incarceration and the Bonds Between Parents in Fragile Families.” In Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration, edited by Mary Patillo, David Weiman, and Bruce Western. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- ↵
- ↵
- Western, Bruce, and
- Christopher Wildeman
- ↵
- Wildeman, Christopher
- ↵
- Wildeman, Christopher
- ↵
- Wildeman, Christopher
- ↵
- Wildeman, Christopher, and
- Christopher Muller
- ↵Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ↵Wilson, James Q., and George Kelling. 1982. “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.” Atlantic (March): 29–38.
In this issue
Severe Deprivation and System Inclusion Among Children of Incarcerated Parents in the United States After the Great Recession
Bryan L. Sykes, Becky Pettit
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Nov 2015, 1 (2) 108-132; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2015.1.2.06
Jump to section
Related Articles
- No related articles found.
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.