When There Is No Welfare: The Income Packaging Strategies of Mothers Without Earnings or Cash Assistance Following an Economic Downturn

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Avellar, Sarah, and
   2. Pamela J. Smock

   . 2005. “The Economic Consequences of the Dissolution of Cohabiting Unions.” Journal of Marriage and Family 67: 315–27.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   Blank, Rebecca, and Brian Kovak. 2009. “The Growing Problem of Disconnected Single Mothers.” In Making the Work-Based Safety Net Work Better, edited by Carolyn J. Heinrich and John Karl Scholz. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
3. ↵
   1. Cancian, Maria, and
   2. Daniel R. Meyer

   . 2011. “Who Owes What to Whom? Child Support Policy Given Multiple-Partner Fertility.” Social Service Review 85(4): 587–617.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
4. ↵
   1. Carlson, Marcia J., and
   2. Frank F. Furstenberg

   . 2006. “The Prevalence and Correlates of Multipartnered Fertility Among Urban U.S. Parents.” Journal of Marriage and Family 68: 718–32.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Castro Martin, Teresa

   . 2002. “Consensual Unions in Latin America: Persistence of a Dual Nuptiality System.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 33: 35–55.

   OpenUrlWeb of Science
6. ↵
   1. Danziger, Sandra K

   . 2010. “The Decline of Cash Welfare and Implications for Social Policy and Poverty.” Annual Review of Sociology 36: 523–45.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
7. ↵
   1. Danziger, Sheldon, and
   2. David Ratner

   . 2010. “Labor Market Outcomes and the Transition to Adulthood.” The Future of Children 20: 133–58.

   OpenUrlPubMed
8. ↵
   1. Desmond, Matthew

   . 2012. “Disposable Ties and the Urban Poor.” American Journal of Sociology 117: 1295–1335.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Domínguez, Silvia, and
   2. Celeste Watkins

   2003. “Creating Networks for Survival and Mobility: Social Capital Among African-American and Latin-American Low-Income Mothers.” Social Problems 50: 111–35.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
10. ↵
    1. Edin, Kathryn, and
    2. Laura Lein

    . 1996. “Work, Welfare, and Single Mothers’ Economic Survival Strategies.” American Sociological Review 61: 253–66.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    Edin, Kathryn, and Laura Lein. 1997. Making Ends Meet. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
12. ↵
    Edin, Kathryn, and H. Luke Shaefer. 2015. Two Dollars a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
13. Floyd, Ife, and Liz Schott. 2013. “TANF Cash Benefits Continued to Lose Value in 2013.” Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (October 21). Available at: http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=4034 (accessed January 1, 2015).
14. ↵
    French, Ron. 2012. “Welfare Reform: Back to the Drawing Board.” Bridge Magazine, March 29, available at: http://www.bridgemi.com/2012/03/welfare-reform-back-to-the-drawing-board (accessed May 1, 2014).
15. ↵
    1. Ha, Yoonsook,
    2. Maria Cancian, and
    3. Daniel R. Meyer

    . 2011. “The Regularity of Child Support and Its Contribution to the Regularity of Income.” Social Service Review 85: 401–19.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. ↵
    1. Hogan, Dennis P.,
    2. David J. Eggebeen, and
    3. Clifford C. Clogg

    . 1993. “The Structure of Intergenerational Exchanges in American Families.” American Journal of Sociology 98: 1428–58.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. ↵
    Kroft, Kory, Fabian Lange, Matthew Notowidigdo, and Lawrence Katz. 2014. “Long-Term Unemployment and the Great Recession: The Role of Composition, Duration Dependence, and Non-Participation.” Available at: http://www.korykroft.com/wordpress/KLNK_LTU_and_Great_Recession_june23_2014.pdf (accessed October 1, 2015).
18. ↵
    1. Lichter, Daniel T.,
    2. Zhenchao Qian, and
    3. Leanna Mellott

    . 2006. “Marriage or Dissolution? Union Transitions Among Poor Cohabiting Women.” Demography 43: 223–40.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. ↵
    Loprest, Pamela. 2003. “Disconnected Welfare Leavers Face Serious Risks.” Snapshots of America’s Families 3(7). Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
20. ↵
    Loprest, Pamela. 2011. “Disconnected Families and TANF.” Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Research Brief 2. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute (November). Available at: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/412568-Disconnected-Families-and-TANF.PDF (accessed May 1, 2015).
21. ↵
    Loprest, Pamela, and Austin Nichols. 2011. “Dynamics of Being Disconnected from Work and TANF.” Report to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE). Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
22. ↵
    Loprest, Pamela, and Sheila R. Zedlewski. 2006. “The Changing Role of Welfare in the Lives of Low-Income Families with Children.” Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
23. Mauldon, Jane, Richard Speiglman, Christina Sogar, and Matt Stagner. 2012. “TANF Child-Only Cases: Who Are They? What Policies Affect Them? What Is Being Done?” Washington: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Administration for Children and Families (December 11). Available at: http://www.cfpic.org/pdfs/TANF-Child-Only-Cases--The-Report-12-19-2012.pdf (accessed January 1, 2015).
24. Miranda, Nannette. 2011. “Lawsuit Seeks to Stop Welfare Debt Collection from Children.” ABC7 News, November 30, available at: http://www.abc7news.com/archive/8450446/ (accessed May 1, 2014).
25. ↵
    1. Ojeda, Norma

    . 2011. “‘Living Together Without Being Married’: Perceptions of Female Adolescents in the Mexican–United States Border Region.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 42(4): 439–53.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    Ovwigho, Pamela, Nicholas Kolupanowich, and Catherine Born. 2009. “Disconnected Leavers: The Circumstances of Those Without Welfare and Without Work.” Report by the Family Welfare Research and Training Group. Baltimore: University of Maryland, School of Social Work.
27. ↵
    Pavetti, LaDonna, Liz Schott, and Elizabeth Lower-Basch. 2011. “Creating Subsidized Employment Opportunities for Low-Income Parents: The Legacy of the TANF Emergency Fund.” Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (February 16). Available at: http://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2-16-11tanf.pdf (accessed May 1, 2015).
28. ↵
    Rosenbaum, Dottie. 2013. “SNAP Is Efficient and Effective.” Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (updated March 11). Available at: http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3239 (accessed January 1, 2015).
29. ↵
    Sard, Barbara, and Will Fisher. 2013. “Chart Book: Federal Housing Spending Is Poorly Matched to Need.” Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (December 18). Available at: http://www.cbpp.org/research/chart-book-federal-housing-spending-is-poorly-matched-to-need (accessed May 1, 2015).
30. ↵
    1. Sarkisian, Natalia, and
    2. Naomi Gerstel

    . 2004. “Kin Support Among Blacks and Whites: Race and Family Organization.” American Sociological Review 69: 812–37.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. ↵
    1. Sinkewicz, Marilyn, and
    2. Irwin Garfinkel

    . 2009. “Unwed Fathers’ Ability to Pay Child Support: New Estimates Accounting for Multiple Partner Fertility.” Demography 46: 247–63.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. ↵
    Stack, Carol. 1974. All Our Kin. New York: Harper & Row.
33. ↵
    1. Turner, Lesley,
    2. Sheldon Danziger, and
    3. Kristin Seefeldt

    . 2006. “Failing the Transition from Welfare to Work: Women Chronically Disconnected from Employment and Welfare.” Social Science Quarterly 87(2): 227–49.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
34. ↵
    U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 2009. “Public Charge.” Available at http://www.uscis.gov/green-card/green-card-processes-and-procedures/public-charge (accessed January 1, 2015).
35. ↵
    Zedlewski, Sheila, Sandi Nelson, Kathryn Edin, Heather Koball, Kate Pomper, and Tracy Roberts. 2002. “Families Coping Without Earnings or Government Cash Assistance.” Assessing the New Federalism Occasional Paper 64. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.