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Research Article
Open Access

Shifting U.S. Racial and Ethnic Identities and Sikh American Activism

Prema Kurien
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences August 2018, 4 (5) 81-98; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2018.4.5.04
Prema Kurien
aProfessor and chair of sociology, as well as the founding director of the Asian/Asian American Studies program at Syracuse University
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Abstract

This article brings a historical and transnational perspective to the changing identities of immigrants and their census categorization, and emphasizes the role of immigrant political activism in identity change. The focus is on Sikh Americans, the oldest South Asian group in the United States, and on three periods when Sikh Americans rallied to change their identity. Early in the twentieth century, Sikhs mounted legal and political campaigns to obtain U.S. citizenship by claiming Aryan roots. Subsequently, attacks against Sikhs in India beginning in 1984 led to a movement to disavow an Indian identity. Finally, a post-9/11 backlash against men with turbans and beards sparked a campaign to be recognized as an American religious group as well as an ethnic group distinct from Indian Americans.

  • Sikh Americans
  • religion
  • majority and minority status
  • race and ethnic identity
  • South Asians
  • citizenship
  • © 2018 Russell Sage Foundation. Kurien, Prema. 2018. “Shifting U.S. Racial and Ethnic Identities and Sikh American Activism.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 4(5): 81–98. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2018.4.5.04. The research for this article was conducted as part of two larger projects funded by a Woodrow Wilson International Center Fellowship, a Carnegie Corporation grant (#D09048), two National Science Foundation grants (SES-1323881 and SES-1528344), and grants from Appleby Mosher and PARCC at Syracuse University. Direct correspondence to: Prema Kurien at pkurien{at}maxwell.syr.edu, Department of Sociology, Max-well 302, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244.

Open Access Policy: RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences is an open access journal. This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

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RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: 4 (5)
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Vol. 4, Issue 5
1 Aug 2018
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Shifting U.S. Racial and Ethnic Identities and Sikh American Activism
Prema Kurien
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Aug 2018, 4 (5) 81-98; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2018.4.5.04

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Shifting U.S. Racial and Ethnic Identities and Sikh American Activism
Prema Kurien
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Aug 2018, 4 (5) 81-98; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2018.4.5.04
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • FACTORS SPURRING MOBILIZATION AROUND RACE AND ETHNICITY
    • METHODS
    • EARLY SOUTH ASIAN MIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA
    • EARLY SIKHS ON THE PACIFIC WEST COAST: FROM SUPPORTERS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO ANTICOLONIAL INDIAN NATIONALISTS
    • U.S. RACIAL STATUS: FROM HINDU CAUCASIANS TO NONWHITE ALIENS
    • FROM NONWHITE ALIENS TO SUCCESSFUL LOBBYISTS FOR CITIZENSHIP AND INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
    • POST-1965 SIKH IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES: FROM OTHER RACE TO ASIAN INDIAN
    • SIKHS IN INDEPENDENT INDIA: FROM PARTITION TO 1984
    • THE IMPACT OF 1984 ON SIKH AMERICANS
    • THE IMPACT OF 9/11: MOBILIZING AS AN AMERICAN RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC MINORITY
    • CONCLUSION
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
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Keywords

  • Sikh Americans
  • religion
  • majority and minority status
  • race and ethnic identity
  • South Asians
  • citizenship

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