Monetary sanctions, also known as legal financial obligations (LFOs), are a highly
consequential yet underexplored element of the criminal legal system. LFOs consist of fines …

This review assesses the current state of knowledge about monetary sanctions, eg, fines,
fees, surcharges, restitution, and any other financial liability related to contact with systems …

Monetary sanctions have long been a part of the US criminal justice system but have
received increasing attention from the public as well as legal scholars and social science …

Monetary sanctions are an integral and increasingly debated feature of the American
criminal legal system. Emerging research, including that featured in this volume, offers …

Research Summary Substantial fees and fines now are now routinely imposed by courts and
other criminal justice agencies across the United States. This article summarizes research …

Economic sanctions comprise six different types of legallyrequired transfers of money or
other value from an offender to a crime victim or a governmental agency. 1 They are often …

Monetary sanctions mandated in state statutes include fines, fees, restitution, and other legal
costs imposed on persons convicted of crimes and other legal violations. Drawing on …

Over seven million Americans are either incarcerated, on probation, or on parole, with their
criminal records often following them for life and affecting access to higher education, jobs …

Low-level misdemeanor and traffic violations draw tens of millions of people into local courts
to pay fines and fees each year, generating billions of dollars in revenue. We examine how …

In this article, the authors present a framework for considering five different economic
sanctions: restitution, costs, fees, fines, and forfeiture. The intended purposes of these …