Plessy v. Ferguson provided the foundation for a system of segregation and exclusion that
adversely affected African Americans throughout the twentieth century. Segregation was …

Before 1954, both law and custom mandated strict racial segregation throughout much of the
nation. That began to change with Brown v. Board of Education, the landmark decision that …

On May 3, 1948, the Supreme Court issued two decisions in four cases that are now
remembered as Shelley v. Kraemer.'In the Shelley cases, the Supreme Court held that judicial …

On March 25-28, 1999, a group of more than one hundred minority law professors met at
John Marshall Law School in Chicago, Illinois. 1 Regional conferences of this sort have been …

Immigration from former colonies in North and sub-Saharan Africa has had a significant effect
on France's demographic composition. That nation now has the largest Muslim population …

The protest against segregation began early in the twentieth century, not long after the
Supreme Court's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.'The fight was led by the National …

The 1960s were a decade unlike any other in the twentieth century. It was an intense time
consumed by rapidly unfolding developments. The decade began with institutionalized …

There exists today a chance for the Negroes to organize a cooperative State within their own
group. By letting Negro farmers feed Negro artisans, and Negro technicians guide Negro …

At the time of its enactment, the 1968 Fair Housing Act seemed to be the final nail in the coffin
of an elaborate system of state sanctioned racial segregation that prevailed during the first …

I. Introduction Though the United States Supreme Court struck down the affirmative action
program used by the University of Michigan's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts in …