Prior research has demonstrated that summer learning rooted in family and community
influences widens the achievement gap across social lines, while schooling offsets those family …

In tracking the educational progress of a sample of Baltimore school-children from entrance
into first grade in fall 1982 through early spring 1996, the authors examined the children's …

How successfully children adapt to the routine of schooling in the first grade or two likely
has long-term implications for their cognitive and affective development. This study aims to …

“Pupils Lose Ground in City Schools: The Longer Children Stay in the System, [the] More
They Fall Behind.” This headline ran in the Baltimore Sun (Bowie, 1997),1 but it could apply …

Studies of the persistence of social stratification rely heavily on students’ experience in
secondary schools. In this study, outcomes for a randomly selected panel of Baltimore children, …

From a life course perspective, high school dropout culminates a long-term process of
disengagement from school. The present paper uses data from a representative panel of …

Antimicrobial peptides are effector molecules of the innate immune system and contribute to
host defense and regulation of inflammation. The human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide …

Effects of children's classroom behavior on school performance over a 4‐year period are
examined for a large, representative panel of beginning first graders. Scales developed from …

In a longitudinal study of a random sample of Baltimore youngsters starting first grade, the
mathematics achievement level of African-Americans and whites was almost identical. Two …

This book is about the practice of grade retention in elementary school, a particularly vexing
problem in urban school systems, where upward of half the students may repeat a grade. On …