People convicted of crime are often treated as atomistic individuals by the criminal justice
system, ignoring the fact that they are largely embedded in social networks. Research shows …

Research on crimmigration—the intersection where criminal and immigration law meet—shows
that immigrants are increasingly punished and deported as a consequence of a criminal …

Research on punishment and inequality finds that people with criminal records routinely avoid
systems of surveillance. Yet scholarship on monetary sanctions shows that many people …

Monetary sanctions are an integral and increasingly debated feature of the American criminal
legal system. Emerging research, including that featured in this volume, offers important …

Monetary sanctions are a ubiquitous part of court systems. Previous studies have focused
largely on these sanctions at the state level or solely on large urban jurisdictions. However, …

The relationship between criminal legal involvement and housing is complex because the
causal arrow goes both ways. Research documents a homelessness-incarceration nexus …

Native Americans are disproportionately affected by the criminal legal system, yet comparative
analyses of criminal legal outcomes and experiences among racial and ethnic groups …

Monetary sanctions, also known as legal financial obligations (LFOs), are a highly consequential
yet underexplored element of the criminal legal system. LFOs consist of fines, fees, …

Although men’s incarceration rates have declined in the United States, women’s have stayed
steady and even risen in some areas. At the same time, courts have increased their use of …

In this article, we explore the experiences of people who carry monetary sanction (or penal)
debt across eight US states. Using 519 interviews with people sentenced to fines and fees, …