Abstract
Rural communities throughout the postindustrial world are in the midst of a significant transition, sometimes referred to as rural restructuring, as traditional land uses, economic activities, and social arrangements transition to those associated with “post-productivist” or “multifunctional” landscapes. Amenity migration, the movement of people based on the draw of natural and/or cultural amenities, can be thought of as both driver and implication of this transition, resulting in significant changes in the ownership, use, and governance of rural lands, as well as in the composition and socioeconomic dynamics of rural communities. In concert with other social, economic and political processes, amenity migration is contributing to the fundamental transformation of rural communities throughout the world. This paper presents a review of the social science literature related to the concept of amenity migration, focusing on the ways in which it has been conceptualized, theorized, and documented by different communities of scholars. We then profile and summarize diverse perspectives on drivers and socioeconomic impacts, highlighting emerging challenges and opportunities related to this type of migration occurring at multiple scales and in multiple sites. The paper also identifies and discusses particular areas where further research is needed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beesley, K. B., Millward, H., Ilbery, B., & Harrington, L. (Eds.). (2003). The new countryside: Geographic perspectives on rural change. Halifax, NS: Brandon University and St Mary’s University.
Bell, D. (1973). The coming of post-industrial society. New York: Basic Books.
Bell, M. M. (2007). The two-ness of rural life and the ends of rural scholarship. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(4), 402–415. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.03.003.
Benett, D. G. (1996). Implications of retirement development in high amenity coastal areas. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 15(3), 345–360. doi:10.1177/073346489601500305.
Beresford, M., & Phillips, A. (2000). Protected landscapes: A conservation model for the 21st century. The George Wright Forum, 17(1), 15–26.
Beyers, W. B., & Nelson, P. (2000). Contemporary development forces in the nonmetropolitan west: New insights from rapidly growing communities. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(4), 459–474. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(00)00017-6.
Bjelland, M. D., Maley, M., Cowger, L., & Barajas, L. (2006). The quest for authentic place: The production of suburban alternatives in Minnesota’s St. Croix Valley. Urban Geography, 27(3), 253–270. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.27.3.253.
Booth, D. E. (1999). Spatial patterns in the economic development of the mountain west. Growth and Change, 30(3), 384–405.
Boyle, P., & Halfacree, K. (Eds.). (1998). Migration into rural areas: Theories and issues. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Brogden, M., & Greenberg, J. (2003). The fight for the West: A political ecology of land use conflicts in Arizona. Human Organization, 62(3), 289–290.
Brown, B. (1995). In timber country: Working people’s stories of environmental conflict and urban flight. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Brown, J., & Mitchell, N. (2000). The stewardship approach and its relevance for protected landscapes. The George Wright Forum, 17(1), 70–79.
Brunson, M., Shindler, B., & Steel, B. S. (1997). Consensus and dissension among rural and urban publics concerning forest management in the Pacific Northwest. In B. S. Steel (Ed.), Public lands management in the west (pp. 83–94). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Buller, H., & Hoggart, K. (1994). The social integration of British homeowners into French rural communities. Journal of Rural Studies, 10(2), 197–210. doi:10.1016/0743-0167(94)90030-2.
Buttel, F. H. (2003). Continuities and disjunctures in the transformation of the US agro-food system. In D. L. Brown & L. E. Swanson (Eds.), Challenges for rural America in the twenty-first century (pp. 177–189). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press.
Cadieux, K. V. (2010). Competing discourses of nature in exurbia. GeoJournal, 75(3). doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9299-0.
Carlin, T. A., & Saupe, W. E. (1993). Structural change in farming and its relationship to rural communities. In A. Hallam (Ed.), Size, structure, and the changing face of American agriculture (pp. 538–560). Boulder: Westview Press.
Chipeniuk, R. (2004). Planning for amenity migration in Canada: Current capacities of interior British Columbian mountain communities. Mountain Research and Development, 24(4), 327–335. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2004)024[0327:PFAMIC]2.0.CO;2.
Clendenning, G., Field, D. R., & Kapp, K. J. (2005). A comparison of seasonal homeowners and permanent residents on their attitudes towards wildlife management on public lands. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 10(1), 3–17. doi:10.1080/10871200590904842.
Cloke, P. (2006). Conceptualizing rurality. In P. Cloke, T. Marsden, & P. Mooney (Eds.), Handbook of rural studies (pp. 18–28). London: Sage.
Cloke, P., Marsden, T., & Mooney, P. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of rural studies. London: Sage.
Cloke, P., Phillips, M., & Thrift, N. (1998). Class colonisation and lifestyle strategies in Gower. In P. Boyle & K. Halfacree (Eds.), Migration into rural areas: Theories and issues (pp. 166–185). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Cloke, P., & Thrift, N. (1990). Class and change in rural Britain. In T. Marsden, P. Lowe, & S. Whatmore (Eds.), Rural restructuring: Global processes and local responses. London: Fulton.
Cromartie, J. B., & Wardwell, J. M. (1999). Migrants settling far and wide in the rural West. Rural Development Perspectives, 14(2), 2–8.
Curry, G. N., Koczberski, & Selwood., J. (2001). Cashing out, cashing in: Rural change on the south coast of Western Australia. Australian Geographer, 32(1), 109–124. doi:10.1080/00049180020036268.
Dahms, F., & McComb, J. (1999). ‘Counterurbanization’, interaction and functional change in a rural amenity area: A Canadian example. Journal of Rural Studies, 15(2), 129–146. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(98)00056-4.
Darling, E. (2005). The city in the country: Wilderness gentrification and the rent gap. Environment and Planning A, 37(6), 1015–1032. doi:10.1068/a37158.
Deller, S. C., Tsung-Hsiu, T., Marcoullier, D., & English, D. B. K. (2001). The role of amenities and quality of life in rural economic growth. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83(2), 352–365. doi:10.1111/0002-9092.00161.
Duffy-Deno, K. T. (1998). The effect of federal wilderness on county growth in the Intermountain Western United States. Journal of Regional Science, 38(1), 109–136. doi:10.1111/0022-4146.00084.
Egan, A. F., & Luloff, A. E. (2005). Exurban migration: Implications for forest communities, policies, and practices. In R. G. Lee & D. R. Field (Eds.), Communities and forests: Where people meet the land (pp. 274–290). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
Elizburu, R. T. (2007). Internal migrations in the Basque country during the period of 1991–2001: Evidence of a process of counter-urbanisation. Boletin de la Asociacion de Geografos Espanoles, 43, 85–105.
Ellingson, L., & Seidl, A. (2009). Tourists’ and residents’ values for maintaining working landscapes of the ‘Old West’. Journal of Rural Research and Policy, 4(1), 1–17.
Ferras, C. (2007). The enigma of counterurbanization. Empirical phenomenon and chaotic concept. Eure-Revista Latinoamericano de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 33(98), 5–25.
Fielding, T. (1998). Counterurbanisation and social class. In P. Boyle & K. Halfacree (Eds.), Migration into rural areas: Theories and issues (pp. 41–60). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Finley, J. C., Luloff, A. E., & Jones, S. B. (2005). Another look at private forestlands: America’s forest landowners. In R. G. Lee & D. R. Field (Eds.), Communities and forests: Where people meet the land (pp. 210–224). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
Fitzgerald, D. (2006). Towards a theoretical ethnography of migration. Qualitative Sociology, 29(1), 1–24. doi:10.1007/s11133-005-9005-6.
Fortmann, L., & Kusel, J. (1990). New voices, old beliefs: Forest environmentalism among new and long-standing residents. Rural Sociology, 55(2), 214–232.
Frentz, I. C., Farmer, F. L., Guldin, J. M., & Smith, K. G. (2004). Public lands and population growth. Society and Natural Resources, 17(1), 57–68.
Garber-Yonts, B. E. (2004). The economics of amenities and migration in the Pacific Northwest: Review of selected literature with implications for national forest management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-617. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Gentner, B. J., & Tanaka, J. A. (2002). Classifying federal public land grazing permittees. Journal of Range Management, 55(1), 2–11. doi:10.2307/4003256.
Ghose, R. (2004). Big sky or big sprawl? Rural gentrification and the changing cultural landscape of Missoula, Montana. Urban Geography, 25(6), 528–549. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.25.6.528.
Godbey, G., & Bevins, M. I. (1987). The life cycle of second home ownership: A case study. Journal of Travel Research, 25(3), 18–22. doi:10.1177/004728758702500305.
Gosnell, H., Haggerty, J. H., & Byorth, P. A. (2007). Ranch ownership change and new approaches to water resource management in southwestern Montana: Implications for fisheries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 43(4), 990–1003. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00081.x.
Gosnell, H., Haggerty, J. H., & Travis, W. R. (2006). Ranchland ownership change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 1990–2001: Implications for conservation. Society and Natural Resources, 19(8), 743–758. doi:10.1080/08941920600801181.
Gosnell, H., & Travis, W. R. (2005). Ranchland ownership dynamics in the Rocky Mountain West. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 58(2), 191–198. doi:10.2111/1551-5028(2005)58<191:RODITR>2.0.CO;2.
Green, G. P., Marcoullier, D., Deller, S., Erikkila, D., & Sumathi, N. R. (1996). Local dependency, land use attitudes, and economic development: Comparisons between seasonal and permanent residents. Rural Sociology, 61(3), 427–445.
Gurran, N., & Blakely, E. J. (2007). Suffer a Sea Change? 2007. Contrasting perspectives towards urban policy and migration in Coastal Australia. Australian Geographer, 38(1), 113–131. doi:10.1080/00049180601175899.
Haas, W. H., & Serow, W. J. (2002). The baby boom, amenity retirement migration, and retirement communities: Will the golden age of retirement continue? Research on Aging, 24(1), 150–164. doi:10.1177/0164027503024001009.
Haggerty, J. H., & Travis, W. R. (2006). Out of administrative control: Absentee owners, resident elk and the shifting nature of wildlife management in southwestern Montana. Geoforum, 37(5), 816–830. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.12.004.
Halfacree, K. H. (1994). The importance of ‘the rural’ in the constitution of counterurbanization: Evidence from England in the 1980s. Sociologia Ruralis, 34(2–3), 164–189. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1994.tb00807.x.
Halfacree, K. H. (2006). From dropping out to leading on? British counter-cultural back-to-the-land in a changing rurality. Progress in Human Geography, 30(3), 309–336. doi:10.1191/0309132506ph609oa.
Halfacree, K. H. (2007). Trial by space for a ‘radical rural’: Introducing alternative localities, representations, and lives. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(2), 125–141. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.10.002.
Halfacree, K. H., & Boyle, P. J. (1998). Migration, rurality and the post-productivist countryside. In P. Boyle & K. Halfacree (Eds.), Migration into rural areas: Theories and issues (pp. 1–20). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Hammer, R. B., & Winkler, R. L. (2006). Housing affordability and population change in the Upper Midwestern North Woods. In W. A. Kandel & D. L. Brown (Eds.), Population change and rural society (pp. 277–292). Netherlands: Springer.
Hansen, A. J., Rasker, R., Maxwell, B., Rotella, J. J., Johnson, J. D., Parmenter, A. W., et al. (2002). Ecological causes and consequences of demographic change in the New West. BioScience, 52(2), 151–162. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0151:ECACOD]2.0.CO;2.
Hines, J. D. (2007). The persistent frontier and the rural gentrification of the Rocky Mountain West. Journal of the West, 46(1), 63–73.
Hoey, B. A. (2005). From pi to pie: Moral narratives of noneconomic migration and starting over in the postindustrial Midwest. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 34(5), 586–624. doi:10.1177/0891241605279016.
Hoey, B. A. (2006). Grey suit or brown carhartt: Narrative transition, relocation, and reorientation in the lives of corporate refugees. Journal of Anthropological Research, 62(3), 347–371.
Hoggart, K. (2007). The diluted working classes of rural England and Wales. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(3), 305–317. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.01.004.
Holmes, J. (2002). Diversity and change in Australia’s rangelands: A post-productivist transition with a difference? Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 27(3), 362–384. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00059.
Holmes, J. (2006). Impulses towards a multifunctional transition in rural Australia: Gaps in the research agenda. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(2), 142–160. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.08.006.
Hunter, L. M., Boardman, J. D., & Saint Onge, J. M. (2005). The association between natural amenities, rural population growth, and long-term residents’ economic well-being. Rural Sociology, 70(4), 452–469. doi:10.1526/003601105775012714.
Huntsinger, L., Buttolph, L., & Hopkinson, P. (1997). Ownership, management changes on California hardwood rangelands: 1985 to 1992. Journal of Range Management, 50(4), 423–430. doi:10.2307/4003311.
Hurley, P., & Halfacre, A. (2010). Dodging alligators, rattlesnakes, and backyard docks: A political ecology of sweetgrass basket-making and conservation in the South Carolina Lowcountry, USA. GeoJournal. doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9276-7.
Hurley, P., Halfacre, A., Levine, N., & Burke, M. (2008). Finding a “disappearing” non-timber forest resource: Using grounded visualization to explore urbanization impacts on sweetgrass basket-making in greater Mt. Pleasant, SC. Professional Geographer, 60(4), 1–23.
Hurley, P., & Walker, P. (2004). Whose vision? Conspiracy theory and land-use planning in Nevada County, California. Environment and Planning A, 36(9), 1529–1547. doi:10.1068/a36186.
Ilbery, B., & Bowler, I. (1998). From agricultural productivism to post-productivism. In I. Bowler (Ed.), The geography of rural change (pp. 57–84). London: Longman.
Jackson, P., & Kuhlken, R. (2005). A rediscovered frontier: Land use and resource issues in the new west. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Jackson-Smith, D. B. (2003). Transforming America: The challenges of land use change in the twenty-first century. In D. L. Brown & L. E. Swanson (Eds.), Challenges for rural America in the twenty-first century (pp. 305–316). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Jacob, J. (1997). New pioneers: The back-to-the-land movement and the search for a sustainable future. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Jagnow, C. P., Stedman, R., Luloff, A. E., San Julian, G. J., Finley, J. C., & Steele, J. (2006). Why landowners in Pennsylvania post their property against hunting. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 11(1), 15–26. doi:10.1080/10871200500470944.
Jobes, P. (2000). Moving nearer to heaven: The illusions and disillusions of migrants to scenic rural places. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Johnson, K. M., & Beale, C. L. (1994). The recent revival of widespread population growth in nonmetropolitan areas of the United States. Rural Sociology, 59(4), 655–667.
Johnson, K. M., & Beale, C. L. (1999). The continuing population rebound in nonmetro America. Rural Development Perspectives, 13(3), 2–10.
Johnson, K. M., & Cromartie, J. B. (2006). The rural rebound and its aftermath: Changing demographic dynamics and regional contrasts. In W. A. Kandel & D. L. Brown (Eds.), Population change and rural society (pp. 25–49). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
Johnson, K. M., Nucci, A., & Long, L. (2005). Population trends in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan America: Selective deconcentration and the rural rebound. Population Research and Policy Review, 24(5), 527–542. doi:10.1007/s11113-005-4479-1.
Johnson, J. D., & Rasker, R. (1995). The role of economic and quality of life values in rural business location. Journal of Rural Studies, 11(4), 405–416. doi:10.1016/0743-0167(95)00029-1.
Jones, R. E., Fly, J. M., Talley, J., & Cordell, H. K. (2003). Green migration into rural America: The new frontier of environmentalism? Society & Natural Resources, 16(3), 221–238. doi:10.1080/08941920309159.
Judson, D. H., Reynolds-Scanlon, S., & Popoff, C. L. (1999). Migrants to Oregon in the 1990’s: Working age, near-retirees, and retirees make different destination choices. Rural Development Perspectives, 14(2), 24–31.
Kearney, A. (2006). Residential development patterns and neighborhood satisfaction: Impacts of density and nearby nature. Environment and Behavior, 38(1), 112–139. doi:10.1177/0013916505277607.
Kendra, A., & Hull, R. B. (2005). Motivations and behaviors of new forest owners in Virginia. Forest Science, 51(2), 142–154.
Kirkey, K., & Forsyth, A. (2001). Men in the valley: Gay male life on the suburban-rural fringe. Journal of Rural Studies, 17(4), 421–441. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00007-9.
Knox, P. (1992). Suburbia by stealth. Geographical Magazine, 64(8), 26–29.
Krannich, R., & Petrzelka, P. (2003). Tourism and natural amenity development: Real opportunities? In D. L. Brown & L. E. Swanson (Eds.), Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 190–199). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Krannich, R., Petrzelka, P., & Brehm, J. (2006). Social change and well-being in western amenity-growth communities. In W. A. Kandel & D. L. Brown (Eds.), Population change and rural society (pp. 277–292). The Netherlands: Springer.
Kruger, L. E., Mazza, R., & Stiefel, M. (2009). Amenity migration, rural communities, and public lands. In E. M. Donoghue & V. Sturtevant (Eds.), Forest and community connections. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
Leichenko, R., & Solecki, W. (2005). Exporting the American dream: The globalization of suburban consumption landscapes. Regional Studies, 39(2), 241–253. doi:10.1080/003434005200060080.
Lewis, G. (2000). Changing places in a rural world: The population turnaround in perspective. Geography, 85(2), 157–165.
Liffmann, R. H., Huntsinger, L., & Forero, L. C. (2000). To ranch or not to ranch: Home on the urban range? Journal of Range Management, 53(4), 362–370. doi:10.2307/4003745.
Loffler, R., & Steinecke, E. (2006). Counterurbanization and its socioeconomic effects in high mountain areas of the Sierra Nevada (California/Nevada). Mountain Research and Development, 26(1), 64–71.
Loffler, R., & Steinecke, E. (2007). Amenity migration in the US Sierra Nevada. Geographical Review, 97(1), 67–88. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2006)026[0064:CAISEI]2.0.CO;2.
Lorah, P., & Southwick, R. (2003). Environmental protection, population change, and economic development in the rural western United States. Population and Environment, 24(3), 255–272. doi:10.1023/A:1021299011243.
Lowe, P., Murdoch, J., Marsden, T., Munton, R., & Flynn, A. (1993). Regulating the new rural spaces: The uneven development of land. Journal of Rural Studies, 9(3), 205–222. doi:10.1016/0743-0167(93)90067-T.
Mahon, M. (2007). New populations; shifting expectations: The changing experience of Irish rural space and place. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(3), 345–356. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.01.006.
Marcoullier, D. W., Clendenning, J. G., & Kedzior, R. (2002). Natural amenity-led development and rural planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 16(4), 515–542. doi:10.1177/088541202400903572.
Marsden, T., Murdoch, J., Lowe, P., Munton, R., & Flynn, A. (1993). Constructing the countryside. London: UCL Press.
McCarthy, J. (2005). Rural geography: Multifunctional rural geographies—reactionary or radical? Progress in Human Geography, 29(6), 773–782. doi:10.1191/0309132505ph584pr.
McCarthy, J. (2008). Rural geography: Globalizing the countryside. Progress in Human Geography, 32(1), 129–137. doi:10.1177/0309132507082559.
McCool, S. F., & Kruger, L. E. (2003). Human migration and natural resources: Implications for land managers and challenges for researchers. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-580. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
McGranahan, D. A. (1999). Natural amenities drive rural population change (No. 781). Washington, DC: Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture.
McKean, J. R., Johnson, D. M., Johnson, R. L., & Taylor, R. G. (2005). Can superior natural amenities create high-quality employment opportunities? The case of nonconsumptive river recreation in central Idaho. Society & Natural Resources, 18(8), 749–758. doi:10.1080/08941920591005304.
Meijering, L., van Hoven, B., & Huigen, P. (2007). Constructing ruralities: The case of the Hobbitstee, Netherlands. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(3), 357–366. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.01.002.
Mitchell, C. J. A. (2004). Making sense of counterurbanization. Journal of Rural Studies, 20(1), 15–34. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00031-7.
Moss, L. A. (2006). The amenity migrants: Seeking and sustaining mountains and their cultures. Cambridge, MA: CABI.
Murdoch, J., Lowe, P., Ward, N., & Marsden, T. (2003). The differentiated countryside. London: Routledge.
Nelson, P. B. (1997). Migration, sources of income, and community change in the nonmetropolitan Northwest. Professional Geographer, 49(4), 418–430. doi:10.1111/0033-0124.00088.
Nelson, P. B. (1999). Quality of life, nontraditional income, and economic growth: New development opportunities for the rural West. Rural Development Perspectives, 14(2), 32–37.
Nelson, P. B. (2001). Rural restructuring in the American West: Land use, family and class discourses. Journal of Rural Studies, 17(4), 395–407. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00002-X.
Nelson, P. B. (2002). Perceptions of restructuring in the rural west: Insights from the “cultural turn”. Society & Natural Resources, 15(10), 903–921. doi:10.1080/08941920290107648.
Nelson, P. B. (2005). Migration, the regional redistribution of nonearnings income in the United States: Metropolitan, nonmetropolitan perspectives from 1975 to 2000. Environment and Planning A, 37(9), 1613–1636. doi:10.1068/a37170.
Nelson, P. B., Nicholson, J. P., & Stege, E. H. (2004). The baby boom and nonmetropolitan population change, 1975–1990. Growth and Change, 35(4), 525–544. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2257.2004.00260.x.
Nepal, S. K. (2007). Tourism and rural settlements: Nepal’s Annapurna region. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4), 855–875. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2007.03.012.
Nesbitt, T., & Weiner, D. (2001). Conflicting environmental imaginaries and the politics of nature in Central Appalachia. Geoforum, 32(3), 333–334. doi:10.1016/S0016-7185(00)00047-6.
Ní Laoire, C. (2007). The ‘green green grass of home’? Return migration to rural Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(3), 332–344. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.01.005.
Ohman, D. (1999). Restructuring and well-being in the non-metropolitan Pacific Northwest. Growth and Change, 30(2), 161–183. doi:10.1111/0017-4815.00109.
Ory, D. T., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2006). Which came first, the telecommuting or the residential relocation? An empirical analysis of causality. Urban Geography, 27(7), 590–609. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.27.7.590.
Otterstrom, S. M., & Shumway, J. M. (2003). Deserts and oases: The continuing concentration of population in the American Mountain West. Journal of Rural Studies, 19(4), 445–462. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00028-7.
Paniagua, A. (2002). Counterurbanisation and new social class in rural Spain: The environmental and rural dimension revisited. Scottish Geographical Journal, 118(1), 1–18. doi:10.1080/00369220218737133.
Phillips, M. (1993). Rural gentrification and the processes of class colonisation. Journal of Rural Studies, 9(2), 123–140. doi:10.1016/0743-0167(93)90026-G.
Phillips, M. (2002). The production, symbolisation and socialisation of gentrification: Impressions from two Berkshire villages. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS, 27(3), 282–308. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00056.
Phillips, M. (2004). Other geographies of gentrification. Progress in Human Geography, 28(1), 5–30. doi:10.1191/0309132504ph458oa.
Phillips, M., Page, S., Saratsi, E., Tansey, K., & Moore, K. (2008). Diversity, scale and green landscapes in the gentrification process: Traversing ecological and social science perspectives. Applied Geography, 28(1), 54–76. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2007.07.003.
Ploch, L. A. (1978). The reversal in migration patterns: Some rural development consequences. Rural Sociology, 43(2), 293–303.
Power, T. M. (1996). Lost landscapes and failed economies: The search for a value of place. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Power, T. M., & Barrett, R. N. (2001). Post-cowboy economics: Pay and prosperity in the new American west. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Rasker, R. (2005). Wilderness for its own sake or as economic asset? Journal of Land, Resources Environmental Law, 25(1), 15–20.
Rasker, R. (2006). An exploration into the economic impact of industrial development versus conservation on western public lands. Society & Natural Resources, 19(3), 191–207. doi:10.1080/08941920500460583.
Rasker, R., & Hackman, A. (1996). Economic development and the conservation of large carnivores. Conservation Biology, 10(4), 991–1002. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040991.x.
Rasker, R., & Hansen, A. J. (2000). Natural amenities and population growth in the Greater Yellowstone region. Human Ecology Review, 7(2), 30–40.
Riebsame, W. E. (Ed.). (1997). Atlas of the new west: Portrait of a changing region. New York: W.W. Norton.
Riebsame, W. E., Gosnell, H., & Theobald, D. M. (1996). Land use and landscape change in the Colorado Mountains I: Theory, scale and pattern. Mountain Research and Development, 16(4), 395–405. doi:10.2307/3673989.
Robbins, P., Meehan, K., Gosnell, H., & Gilbertz, S. (2009). Writing the New West: A critical review. Rural Sociology, 74(3).
Robertson, M. M. (2004). The neoliberalization of ecosystem services: Wetland mitigation banking and problems in environmental governance. Geoforum, 35(3), 361–373. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.06.002.
Rothman, H. K. (1998). Devil’s Bargains: Tourism in the twentieth-century American west. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Rudzitis, G. (1993). Migration, sense of place, and the American West. Urban Geography, 14(6), 574–584.
Rudzitis, G. (1999). Amenities increasingly draw people to the rural West. Rural Development Perspectives, 14(2), 9–13.
Rudzitis, G., & Johansen, H. E. (1989). Migration into western wilderness counties: Causes and consequences. Western Wildlands, Spring, 19–23.
Rudzitis, G., & Johnson, R. (2000). The impact of wilderness and other wildlands on local economies and regional development trends. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-Vol 2, pp. 14–26. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ft. Collins, CO.
Saint Onge, J. M., Hunter, L. M., & Boardman, J. D. (2007). Population growth in high-amenity rural areas: Does it bring socioeconomic benefits for long-term residents? Social Science Quarterly, 88(2), 367–381. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00462.x.
Salamon, S. (2003a). From hometown to nontown: Rural community effects of suburbanization. Rural Sociology, 68(1), 1–24.
Salamon, S. (2003b). Newcomers to old towns: Suburbanization of the heartland. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sampson, N., & DeCoster, L. (2000). Forest fragmentation: Implications for sustainable private forests. Journal of Forestry, 98(3), 4–8.
Sayre, N. F. (2002). Ranching, endangered species, and urbanization in the southwest: Species of capital. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Sayre, N. F. (2004). The need for qualitative research to understand ranch management. Journal of Range Management, 57(6), 668–674. doi:10.2307/4004026.
Schnaiberg, J., Riera, J., Turner, M. G., & Voss, P. R. (2002). Explaining human settlement patterns in a recreational lake district: Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. Environmental Management, 30(1), 24–34. doi:10.1007/s00267-002-2450-z.
Scott, A. J., Shorten, J., Owen, R., Owen, I. (2010). What kind of countryside do the public want: Community visions from Wales UK? GeoJournal, 75(3). doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9256-y
Serow, W. J. (2003). Economic consequences of retiree concentrations: A review of North American studies. Gerontologist, 43(6), 897–903.
Sheridan, T. E. (2007). Embattled ranchers, endangered species, and urban sprawl: The political ecology of the new American West. Annual Review of Anthropology, 36, 121–138. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.36.081406.094413.
Short, D., & Stockdale, A. (1999). English migrants in the Scottish countryside: Opportunities for rural Scotland? Scottish Geographical Journal, 115(3), 177–192. doi:10.1080/00369229918737063.
Shumway, J. M., & Davis, J. A. (1996). Nonmetropolitan population change in the Mountain West: 1970–1995. Rural Sociology, 61(3), 513–529.
Shumway, J. M., & Otterstrom, S. M. (2001). Spatial patterns of migration and income change in the Mountain West: The dominance of service-based, amenity-rich counties. Professional Geographer, 53(4), 492–502. doi:10.1111/0033-0124.00299.
Smith, D. P. (1998). The green potential of West Yorkshire. Regional Review, 14, 6–7.
Smith, D. P. (2002a). Rural gatekeepers and ‘greentrified’ Pennine rurality: Opening and closing the access gates? Social and Cultural Geography, 3(4), 447–463. doi:10.1080/1464936021000032432.
Smith, D. P. (2002b). Extending the temporal and spatial limits of gentrification: A research agenda for population geographers. International Journal of Population Geography, 8(6), 385–394. doi:10.1002/ijpg.267.
Smith, D. P. (2007). The ‘buoyancy’ of ‘other’ geographies of gentrification: Going ‘back-to-the water’ and the commodification of marginality. Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 98(1), 53–67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2007.00376.x.
Smith, D. P., & Holt, L. (2005). ‘Lesbian migrants in the gentrified valley’ and ‘other’ geographies of rural gentrification. Journal of Rural Studies, 21(3), 313–322. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.04.002.
Smith, M. D., & Krannich, R. S. (2000). “Culture clash” revisited: Newcomer and longer-term residents’ attitudes toward land use, development, and environmental issues in rural communities in the Rocky Mountain West. Rural Sociology, 65(3), 396–421.
Smith, D. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2001). Socio-cultural representations of greentrified Pennine rurality. Journal of Rural Studies, 17(4), 457–469. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00014-6.
Smutny, G. (2002). Patterns of growth and change: Depicting the impacts of restructuring in Idaho. Professional Geographer, 54(3), 438–453. doi:10.1111/0033-0124.00341.
Sofranko, A. J., & Williams, J. D. (1980). Rebirth of rural America: Rural migration to the midwest. Ames, Iowa: North Central Region Centre for Rural Development, Iowa State Unviersity.
Stauber, K. (2001). Why invest in rural America—and how? A critical public policy question for the 21st century. Economic Review, Second Quarter, 33–63.
Stedman, R. C., Goetz, S. J., & Weagraff, B. (2006). Does second home development adversely affect rural life? In W. A. Kandel & D. L. Brown (Eds.), Population change and rural society (pp. 277–292). Netherlands: Springer.
Stegner, W. (1954). Beyond the hundredth meridian: John Wesley Powell and the second opening of the west. New York: Penguin.
Stein, S. M., McRoberts, R. E., Alig, R. J., Nelson, M. D., Theobald, D. M., Eley, M., Dechter, M., & Carr, M. (2005). Forests on the Edge: Housing Development on America’s Private Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-636. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Stewart, S. I. (2002). Amenity migration. In K. Luft & S. MacDonald (Eds.), Trends 2000: Shaping the future: 5th outdoor recreation & tourism trends symposium. (pp. 369–378). 2000 September 17–20. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Stewart, S. I., & Stynes, D. J. (1993). Toward a dynamic model of complex tourism choices: The seasonal home location decision. In J. C. Crotts & W. F. van Raaij (Eds.), Economic psychology of travel and tourism. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Stockdale, A. (2006). Migration: Pre-requisite for rural economic regeneration? Journal of Rural Studies, 22(3), 354–366. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.11.001.
Stockdale, A., Findlay, A., & Short, D. (2000). The repopulation of rural Scotland: Opportunity and threat. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(2), 243–257. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00045-5.
Tammaru, T., Kulu, H., & Kask, I. (2004). Urbanization, suburbanization, and counterurbanization in Estonia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 45(3), 212–229. doi:10.2747/1538-7216.45.3.212.
Taylor, L. (2010). No boundaries: Exurbia and the study of contemporary urban dispersion. GeoJournal, 75(3). doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9300-y
Theobald, D. M., Gosnell, H., & Riebsame, W. E. (1996). Land use and landscape change in the Colorado Mountains II: A case study of the East River Valley. Mountain Research and Development, 16(4), 407–418. doi:10.2307/3673990.
Torrell, A., Rimbey, N. R., Ramirez, O. A., & McCollum, D. W. (2005). Income earning potential versus consumptive amenities in determining ranchland value. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 30(3), 537–560.
Travis, W. R. (2007). New geographies of the American west: Land use and the changing patterns of place. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Ullman, E. L. (1954). Amenities as a factor in regional growth. Geographical Review, 44(1), 119–132. doi:10.2307/211789.
van Dam, F., Heins, S., & Elbersen, B. S. (2002). Lay discourses of the rural and stated and revealed preferences for rural living: Some evidence of the existence of a rural idyll in the Netherlands. Journal of Rural Studies, 18(4), 461–476. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00035-9.
Vias, A. C. (1999). Jobs follow people in the rural Rocky Mountain West. Rural Development Perspectives, 14(2), 14–23.
Vias, A. C., & Carruthers, J. I. (2005). Regional development and land use change in the Rocky Mountain West, 1982–1997. Growth and Change, 36(2), 244–272. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2257.2005.00276.x.
Walker, P., & Fortmann, L. (2003). Whose landscape? A political ecology of the ‘exurban’ Sierra. Cultural Geographies, 10(4), 469–491. doi:10.1191/1474474003eu285oa.
Walker, P. A., & Hurley, P. T. (2004). Collaboration derailed: The politics of “community-based” resource management in Nevada County. Society & Natural Resources, 17(8), 735–751. doi:10.1080/08941920490480723.
Wilkinson, C. F. (1992). Crossing the next Meridian: Land, water, and the future of the west. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Williams, J. D. (1979). Motivations for the immigration component of population turnaround in nonmetropolitan areas. Demography, 16, 239. doi:10.2307/2061141.
Wilson, G. A. (2001). From productivism to post-productivism… and back again? Exploring the (un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26(1), 77–102. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00007.
Wilson, G. A. (2006). Multifunctional agriculture: A transition theory perspective. Cambridge, MA: CABI.
Winkler, R., Field, D. R., Luloff, A. E., Krannich, R. S., & Williams, T. (2007). Social landscapes of the Intermountain West: A comparison of ‘Old West’ and ‘New West’ communities. Rural Sociology, 72(3), 478–501. doi:10.1526/003601107781799281.
Woods, M. (2003). Rural geography: Processes, responses, and experiences in rural restructuring . London: Sage Publishing.
Woods, M. (2007). Engaging the global countryside: Globalization, hybridity and the reconstitution of rural place. Progress in Human Geography, 31(4), 485–507. doi:10.1177/0309132507079503.
Woods, M. (2010). The local politics of the global countryside: Boosterism, aspirational ruralism and the contested reconstitution of Queenstown, New Zealand. Geojournal. doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9268-7
Wulfhorst, J. D., Rimbey, N., & Darden, T. (2006). Sharing the rangelands, competing for sense of place. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(2), 166–186. doi:10.1177/0002764206290631.
Young, T. H. N. (2001). Democracy or expertise? objectivity as an elusive ideal in the resolution of a Vermont land use dispute. GeoJournal, 75(3). doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9257-x
Yung, L., & Belsky, J. (2007). Private property rights and community goods: Negotiating landowner cooperation amid changing ownership on the Rocky Mountain Front. Society & Natural Resources, 20(8), 689–703. doi:10.1080/08941920701216586.
Yung, L., Friemund, W. A., & Belsky, J. M. (2003). The politics of place: Understanding meaning, common ground, and political difference on the Rocky Mountain Front. Forest Science, 49(6), 855–866.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gosnell, H., Abrams, J. Amenity migration: diverse conceptualizations of drivers, socioeconomic dimensions, and emerging challenges. GeoJournal 76, 303–322 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9295-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9295-4