PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Dovidio, John F.
AU  - Solomon, Phillip Atiba
TI  - The Scope of Racial Bias in Policing: Behavioral Science’s Role in a Systemic Problem
AID  - 10.7758/RSF.2025.11.3.02
DP  - 2025 Oct 01
TA  - RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
PG  - 22--85
VI  - 11
IP  - 3
4099  - http://www.rsfjournal.org/content/11/3/22.short
4100  - http://www.rsfjournal.org/content/11/3/22.full
AB  - There are substantial and persistent racial disparities in policing in the United States. Although disparities do not necessarily indicate discrimination, there is significant evidence that racism, operating in various forms, is a major factor. We adopt a multilevel perspective in our review and analysis of the empirical literature. We consider five levels of processes relating to racial biases in policing and public safety to identify ways of achieving equity. These levels are the nano-level (intrapersonal), the micro-level (interpersonal), the meso-level (organizational), the macro-level (pan-organizational, institutional, or systemic), and the mega-level (cultural, societal, or narrative). We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical promise of adopting a multilevel perspective and highlighting the pressing need to reconceive policing in the United States to meet the needs of contemporary society.