Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request Form for Authors to Request Permission from other Publishers
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
    • RSF Policy on the Use of AI
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Publications
    • rsf

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
  • Publications
    • rsf
  • Log in
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Advanced Search

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request Form for Authors to Request Permission from other Publishers
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
    • RSF Policy on the Use of AI
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Follow rsf on Twitter
  • Visit rsf on Facebook
  • Follow rsf on Google Plus
Research ArticleII. Gender, Family, and Marriage Penalties and Premiums
Open Access

The Role of Extended Family in Asian American Women’s Employment from 1990 to 2022

Sojung Lim, Wonjeong Jeong
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences June 2026, 12 (3) 124-144; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.3.06
Sojung Lim
aAssociate professor of sociology and criminology and Korea Foundation Professor of Korean Studies, State University of New York at Buffalo, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Sojung Lim
Wonjeong Jeong
bPostdoctoral associate, Social Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Wonjeong Jeong
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Autor, David H.,
    2. Lawrence F. Katz, and
    3. Melissa S. Kearney
    . 2006. “The Polarization of the US Labor Market.” American Economic Review 96(2): 189–94.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    1. Becker, Gary S
    . 1965. “A Theory of the Allocation of Time.” Economic Journal 75(299): 493–517.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Brown, Scott,
    2. Jane Herr,
    3. Rodha Roy, and
    4. Jacob Alex Klerman
    . 2020. Employee and Worksite Perspectives of the FMLA: Who Is Eligible? July. US Department of Labor, Chief Evaluation Office. July.
  4. ↵
    1. Burr, Jeffrey A., and
    2. Jan E. Mutchler
    . 1993. “Nativity, Acculturation, and Economic Status: Explanations of Asian American Living Arrangements in Later Life.” Journal of Gerontology 48(2): S55–S63.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Cohn, D’Vera,
    2. Juliana Menasce Horowitz,
    3. Rachel Minkin,
    4. Richard Fry, and
    5. Kiley Hurst
    . 2022. “Financial Issues Top the List of Reasons U.S. Adults Live in Multigenerational Homes.” Pew Research Center. March 24.
  6. ↵
    1. Drouhot, Lucas G., and
    2. Filiz Garip
    . 2021. “What’s Behind a Racial Category? Uncovering Heterogeneity Among Asian Americans Through a Data-Driven Typology.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7(2): 22–45. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2021.7.2.02.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  7. ↵
    1. Edin, Kathryn, and
    2. Laura Lein
    . 1997. Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work. Russell Sage Foundation.
  8. ↵
    1. Eickmeyer, Kasey J., and
    2. Susan L. Brown
    . 2019. “Coresidence Among Older Adults and Their Adult Children.” Family Profiles, no. FP-19-19. National Center for Family & Marriage Research. https://doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-19-19.
  9. ↵
    1. Ermisch, John
    . 1988. “An Economic Perspective on Household Modelling.” In Modelling Household Formation and Dissolution, edited by Nico Kielman, Anton Kuijsten, and Ad Vossen. Oxford University Press.
  10. ↵
    1. Glick, Jennifer E.,
    2. Frank D. Bean, and
    3. Jennifer V. W. Van Hook
    . 1997. “Immigration and Changing Patterns of Extended Family Household Structure in the United States: 1970–1990.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 59(1): 177–91.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    1. Gordon, Milton M
    . 1964. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. Oxford University Press.
  12. ↵
    1. Greenman, Emily
    . 2011. “Asian American–White Differences in the Effect of Motherhood on Career Outcomes.” Work and Occupations 38(1): 37–67.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  13. ↵
    1. Greenman, Emily, and
    2. Yu Xie
    . 2008. “Double Jeopardy? The Interaction of Gender and Race on Earnings in the United States.” Social Forces 86(3): 1217–44.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    1. Hanna, Mary, and
    2. Jeanne Batalova
    . 2021. “Immigrants from Asia in the United States.” Migration Policy Institute, March 10. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/immigrants-asia-united-states-2020.
  15. ↵
    1. Hirschman, Charles, and
    2. Morrison G. Wong
    . 1984. “Socioeconomic Gains of Asian Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1960–1976.” American Journal of Sociology 90(3): 584–607.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  16. ↵
    1. Ho, Phoebe, and
    2. Hyunjoon Park
    . 2026. “How Asian Americans Fare in the Labor Market: The Intersection of Education, Gender, and Ethnicity.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(3): 76–97. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.3.04.
    OpenUrl
  17. ↵
    1. Ho, Phoebe,
    2. Hyunjoon Park, and
    3. Grace Kao
    . 2022. Diversity and the Transition to Adulthood in America. University of California Press.
  18. ↵
    1. Hu-DeHart, Evelyn
    . 1999. “Introduction: Asian American Formation in the Age of Globalization.” In Across the Pacific: Asian Americans and Globalization, edited by Evelyn Hu-DeHart. Temple University Press.
  19. ↵
    1. Kamo, Yoshinori
    . 2000. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Extended Family Households.” Sociological Perspectives 43(2): 211–29.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  20. ↵
    1. Kamo, Yoshinori, and
    2. Zhou Min
    . 1994. “Living Arrangements of Elderly Chinese and Japanese in the United States.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 56(3): 544–58.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  21. ↵
    1. Kang, Jeehye, and
    2. Philip N. Cohen
    . 2018. “Household Extension and Employment Among Asian Immigrant Women in the United States.” Journal of Family Issues 39(1): 128–54.
    OpenUrl
  22. ↵
    1. Kaushal, Neeraj, and
    2. Cordelia Reimers
    . 2007. “How Economists Have Studied the Immigrant Family.” In Immigrant Families in Contemporary Society, edited by Jennifer E. Lansford, Kirby D. Deater-Deckard, and Marc H. Bornstein. Guilford Press.
  23. ↵
    1. Kim, Andrew Taeho, and
    2. ChangHwan Kim
    . 2026. “Geography, Coethnic Concentration, and Earnings Disadvantage of Asian American Men.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(3): 50–74. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.3.03.
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Kim, ChangHwan, and
    2. Arthur Sakamoto
    . 2010. “Have Asian American Men Achieved Labor Market Parity with White Men?” American Sociological Review 75(6): 934–57.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  25. ↵
    1. Kim, ChangHwan, and
    2. Arthur Sakamoto
    . 2014. “The Earnings of Less Educated Asian American Men: Educational Selectivity and the Model Minority Image.” Social Problems 61(2): 283–304.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  26. ↵
    1. Kim, ChangHwan, and
    2. Yang Zhao
    . 2014. “Are Asian American Women Advantaged? Labor Market Performance of College Educated Female Workers.” Social Forces 93(2): 623–52.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  27. ↵
    1. Kulkarni, Veena S
    . 2019. “Household Extension and Earnings Among Foreign-Born Asian and Non-Hispanic White Households.” Journal of Family Issues 40(17): 2412–38.
    OpenUrl
  28. ↵
    1. Le, Thomas K.,
    2. Leah Cha,
    3. Hae-Ra Han, and
    4. Winston Tseng
    . 2020. “Anti-Asian Xenophobia and Asian American COVID-19 Disparities.” American Journal of Public Health 110(9): 1371–73.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. ↵
    1. Lee, Jennifer C
    . 2013. “Employment and Earnings in High-Tech Ethnic Niches.” Social Forces 91(3): 747–84.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  30. ↵
    1. Lee, Jennifer C., and
    2. Samuel Kye
    . 2016. “Racialized Assimilation of Asian Americans.” Annual Review of Sociology 42: 253–73. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074310.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  31. ↵
    1. Lofquist, Daphne,
    2. Terry Lugaila,
    3. Martin O’Connell, and
    4. Sarah Feliz
    . 2012, Households and Families: 2010. 2010 Census Briefs, no. C2010BR-14. US Census Bureau. April. https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-14.pdf.
  32. ↵
    1. Malik, Rasheed,
    2. Katie Hamm,
    3. Leila Schochet,
    4. Cristina Novoa,
    5. Simon Workman, and
    6. Steven Jessen-Howard
    . 2018. “America’s Child Care Deserts in 2018.” Center for American Progress, December. https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/AmericasChildCareDeserts20182.pdf.
  33. ↵
    1. Min, Pyong Gap
    . 2001. “Changes in Korean Immigrants’ Gender Role and Social Status, and Their Marital Conflicts.” Sociological Forum 16(2): 301–20.
    OpenUrl
  34. ↵
    1. Moon, Seungsook
    . 2003. “Immigration and Mothering: Case Studies from Two Generations of Korean Immigrant Women.” Gender & Society 17(6): 840–60.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  35. ↵
    1. Mui, Ada C.,
    2. Duy D. Nguyen,
    3. Dooyeon Kang, and
    4. Margaret Dietz Domanski
    . 2007. “Demographic Profiles of Asian Immigrant Elderly Residing in Metropolitan Ethnic Enclave Communities.” Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work 15 (1–2): 193–214. https://doi.org/10.1300/J051v15n01_09.
    OpenUrl
  36. ↵
    1. Mui, Ada C., and
    2. Tazuko Shibusawa
    . 2008. Asian American Elders in the Twenty-First Century: Key Indicators of Well-Being. Columbia University Press.
  37. ↵
    1. OECD
    . 2024. Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators. OECD Publishing.
  38. ↵
    1. Ong, Paul M.,
    2. Edna Bonacich, and
    3. Lucie Cheng, eds
    . 1994. The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. Temple University Press.
  39. ↵
    1. Raymo, James M.,
    2. Hyunjoon Park, and
    3. Jia Yu
    . 2023. “Diverging Destinies in East Asia.” Annual Review of Sociology 49: 443–63.
    OpenUrl
  40. ↵
    1. Ruggles, Steven,
    2. Matt A. Nelson,
    3. Matthew Sobek, et al
    . 2024. IPUMS Ancestry Full Count Data: Version 4.0 [dataset]. IPUMS. https://doi.org/10.18128/D014.V4.0.
  41. ↵
    1. Rumbaut, Rubén G
    . 2004. “Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States.” International Migration Review 38(3): 1160–1205.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  42. ↵
    1. Shao, Di
    . 2023. “Is There a Bamboo Ceiling? The Asian–White Gap in Managerial Attainment for College-Educated Workers.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 9(1): 87–102.
    OpenUrl
  43. ↵
    1. Speare, Alden, Jr., and
    2. Roger Avery
    . 1993. “Who Helps Whom in Older Parent-Child Families.” Journal of Gerontology 48(2): S64–S73.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    1. Tienda, Marta, and
    2. Jennifer Glass
    . 1985. “Household Structure and Labor Force Participation of Black, Hispanic, and White Mothers.” Demography 22(3): 381–94.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  45. ↵
    1. US Census Bureau
    . n.d. “American Community Survey (ACS): Disability Variables List (DIFFMOB: Independent Living Difficulty).” https://usa.ipums.org/usa-action/variables/DIFFMOB#questionnaire_text_section.
  46. ↵
    1. Wang, Sharron Xuanren,
    2. Isao Takei, and
    3. Arthur Sakamoto
    . 2017. “Do Asian Americans Face Labor Market Discrimination? Accounting for the Cost of Living Among Native-Born Men and Women.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3: 1–14.
    OpenUrl
  47. ↵
    1. Wang, Yuesheng
    . 2013. “Changes in Family Structure in Contemporary China: Evidence from the 2010 Population Census.” China Social Sciences (中国社会科学) 12: 60–77.
    OpenUrl
  48. ↵
    1. Western, Bruce,
    2. Deirdre Bloome,
    3. Benjamin Sosnaud, and
    4. Laura Tach
    . 2012. “Economic Insecurity and Social Stratification.” Annual Review of Sociology 38: 341–59.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  49. ↵
    1. Yu, Jia, and
    2. Cheng Cheng
    . 2024. “Motherhood and Employment in China: Gender Asymmetries in Multi-Generational Families.” Social Forces 103(3): 948–69.
    OpenUrl
  50. ↵
    1. Yu, Jia, and
    2. Yu Xie
    . 2018. “Motherhood Penalties and Living Arrangements in China.” Journal of Marriage and Family 80(5): 1067–86.
    OpenUrl
  51. ↵
    1. Zeng, Zhen, and
    2. Yu Xie
    . 2004. “Asian-Americans’ Earnings Disadvantage Reexamined: The Role of Place of Education.” American Journal of Sociology 109(5): 1075–1108.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: 12 (3)
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Vol. 12, Issue 3
1 Jun 2026
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The Role of Extended Family in Asian American Women’s Employment from 1990 to 2022
(Your Name) has sent you a message from RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
1 + 14 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
The Role of Extended Family in Asian American Women’s Employment from 1990 to 2022
Sojung Lim, Wonjeong Jeong
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Jun 2026, 12 (3) 124-144; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2026.12.3.06

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
The Role of Extended Family in Asian American Women’s Employment from 1990 to 2022
Sojung Lim, Wonjeong Jeong
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Jun 2026, 12 (3) 124-144; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2026.12.3.06
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • EXTENDED FAMILY STRUCTURE AND ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT
    • VARIATION BY ETHNICITY, IMMIGRANT GENERATION, AND TIME
    • DATA AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
    • APPENDIX
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Narrowing the Gender Wage Gap Among Computer Science Professionals: What Differentiates the Earnings of Asian and White Workers?
  • Nonmarital Childbearing and Family Structure Among Asian Americans: The Role of Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, and Immigration
Show more II. Gender, Family, and Marriage Penalties and Premiums

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Asian American
  • women
  • employment
  • labor market attachment
  • extended family

© 2026 RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Powered by HighWire