The Role of Extended Family in Asian American Women’s Employment from 1990 to 2022

Employment Rates by Ethnicity, Immigrant Generation, and Family Structure

Source: 1990 Census; 2000 Census; ACS 2001–2022.

Note: Extended family refers to a household that includes at least one parent or parent-in-law. In this figure, “2000s” refers to the ACS data from 2001 to 2009, “2010s” refers to the ACS data from 2010 to 2019, and “2020s” refers to the ACS data from 2020 to 2022. Statistics are weighted using individual weights. For US-born, non-Hispanic White women, immigrant generation is not differentiated. All group differences by family type are statistically significant at the 95 percent level unless noted as n.s., which stands for non-significant difference at the 95 percent confidence level. NH = non-Hispanic.

Differences in the Predicted Probability of Employment Between Asian and White Women

Source: 1990 Census; 2000 Census; ACS 2001–2022.

Note: Extended family refers to a household that includes at least one parent or parent-in-law. In this figure, “2000s” refers to the ACS data from 2001 to 2009, “2010s” refers to the ACS data from 2010 to 2019, and “2020s” refers to the ACS data from 2020 to 2022. The figure displays differences in predicted probabilities of employment between US-born, non-Hispanic White women (represented by the dashed horizontal line) and various Asian groups. Circled dots indicate statistically significant differences between a specific Asian group and White women at the 95 percent confidence level, while x-marks represent non-significant differences. Predicted values are calculated while holding all control variables, including age, census region, education, marital status, parenthood status, and household income, constant at their observed distributions.

Differences in the Predicted Probability of Employment Among Women with Young Children

Source: 1990 Census; 2000 Census; ACS 2001–2022.

Note: Extended family refers to a household that includes at least one parent or parent-in-law. In this figure, “2000s” refers to the ACS data from 2001 to 2009, “2010s” refers to the ACS data from 2010 to 2019, and “2020s” refers to the ACS data from 2020 to 2022. The presence of young children is defined as having at least one child under the age of five. The figure displays differences in predicted probabilities of employment between US-born, non-Hispanic White women (represented by the dashed horizontal line) and various Asian groups. Circled dots indicate statistically significant difference between a specific Asian group and White women at the 95 percent confidence level, while x-marks represent non-significant differences. Predicted values are calculated while holding all control variables, including age, census region, education, marital status, parenthood status, and household income, constant at their observed distributions.

Differences in the Predicted Probability of Employment by Type of Extended Family

Source: 1990 Census; 2000 Census; ACS 2001–2022.

Note: Extended family refers to a household that includes at least one parent or parent-in-law. In this figure, “2000s” refers to the ACS data from 2001 to 2009, “2010s” refers to the ACS data from 2010 to 2019, and “2020s” refers to the ACS data from 2020 to 2022. The figure displays differences in predicted probabilities of employment between US-born, non-Hispanic White women (represented by the dashed horizontal line) and various Asian groups. Circled dots indicate statistically significant difference between a specific Asian group and White women at the 95 percent confidence level, while x-marks represent non-significant differences. Predicted values are calculated while holding all control variables, including age, census region, education, marital status, parenthood status, and household income, constant at their observed distributions.