Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019

Pilar Gonalons-Pons; Kelly Musick; Jennifer Glass; Aida Villanueva

doi:10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.04

Research ArticleI. Evolution of the Traditional Safety Net Since Making Ends Meet

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Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019

Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Kelly Musick, Jennifer Glass, Aida Villanueva

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 96-121; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.04

Pilar Gonalons-Pons

aAlber-Klingelhofer Presidential Associate Professor in Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States

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Kelly Musick

bProfessor of sociology and public policy in the Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States

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Jennifer Glass

cCentennial Commission Professor of Liberal Arts in the Department of Sociology at the University of Texas-Austin, United States

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Aida Villanueva

dAssistant professor in the Sociology Department at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, United States

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1 May 2026

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Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019

Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Kelly Musick, Jennifer Glass, Aida Villanueva

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 96-121; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.04

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Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019

Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Kelly Musick, Jennifer Glass, Aida Villanueva

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 96-121; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.04

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income dynamics
parenthood
poverty
mothers’ earnings

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