Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request Form for Authors to Request Permission from other Publishers
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
    • RSF Policy on the Use of AI
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Publications
    • rsf

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
  • Publications
    • rsf
  • Log in
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Advanced Search

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request Form for Authors to Request Permission from other Publishers
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
    • RSF Policy on the Use of AI
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Follow rsf on Twitter
  • Visit rsf on Facebook
  • Follow rsf on Google Plus
Research ArticleI. Evolution of the Traditional Safety Net Since Making Ends Meet
Open Access

Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019

Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Kelly Musick, Jennifer Glass, Aida Villanueva
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 96-121; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.04
Pilar Gonalons-Pons
aAlber-Klingelhofer Presidential Associate Professor in Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Pilar Gonalons-Pons
Kelly Musick
bProfessor of sociology and public policy in the Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Kelly Musick
Jennifer Glass
cCentennial Commission Professor of Liberal Arts in the Department of Sociology at the University of Texas-Austin, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Jennifer Glass
Aida Villanueva
dAssistant professor in the Sociology Department at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Aida Villanueva
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Additional
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Aassve, Arnstein,
    2. Stefano Mazzuco, and
    3. Letizia Mencarini
    . 2005. “Childbearing and Well-Being: A Comparative Analysis of European Welfare Regimes.” Journal of European Social Policy 15(4): 283–99.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    1. Adams, Gina, and
    2. Monica Rohacek
    . 2002. Child Care and Welfare Reform. March 14. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/child-care-and-welfare-reform/.
  3. ↵
    1. Ananat, Elizabeth O., and
    2. Anna Gassman-Pines
    . 2021. “Work Schedule Unpredictability: Daily Occurrence and Effects on Working Parents’ Well-Being.” Journal of Marriage and Family 83(1): 10–26. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12696.
    OpenUrl
  4. ↵
    1. Baughman, Reagan,
    2. Stacy Dickert-Conlin, and
    3. Scott Houser
    . 2000. “How Well Can We Track Cohabitation Using the SIPP? A Consideration of Direct and Inferred Measures.” Demography 39(3): 455–65.
    OpenUrl
  5. ↵
    1. Bould, Sally,
    2. Isabella Crespi, and
    3. Gunther Schmaus
    . 2012. “The Cost of a Child, Mother’s Employment Behavior and Economic Insecurity in Europe.” International Review of Sociology 22(1): 5–23.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Brady, David,
    2. Regina S. Baker, and
    3. Ryan Finnigan
    . 2024. “The Role of Single Motherhood in America’s High Child Poverty.” Demography 61(4): 1161–85.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Brady, David, and
    2. Rebekah Burroway
    . 2012. “Targeting, Universalism, and Single-Mother Poverty: A Multilevel Analysis Across 18 Affluent Democracies.” Demography 49(2): 719–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    1. Budig, Michelle J., and
    2. Paula England
    . 2001. “The Wage Penalty for Motherhood.” American Sociological Review 66(2): 204–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657415.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    1. Calarco, Jessica McCrory
    . 2024. Holding It Together: How Women Became America’s Safety Net. Portfolio.
  10. ↵
    1. Duncan, Greg J.,
    2. Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest, and
    3. Ariel Kalil
    . 2010. “Early-Childhood Poverty and Adult Attainment, Behavior, and Health.” Child Development 81(1): 306–25.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    1. Edin, Kathryn, and
    2. Laura Lein
    . 1997. Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work. Russell Sage Foundation.
  12. ↵
    1. Edin, Kathryn J., and
    2. H. Luke Shaefer
    . 2016. $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America. Mariner Books.
  13. ↵
    1. Firebaugh, Glenn,
    2. Cody Warner, and
    3. Michael Massoglia
    . 2013. “Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and Hybrid Models for Causal Analysis.” In Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research, edited by Stephen Morgan. Springer.
  14. ↵
    1. Fomby, Paula,
    2. Hope Harvey, and
    3. Kelly Musick
    . 2023. “Income Sources Across Childhood in Families with Nonresident Fathers.” Demography 60(1): 41–72.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  15. ↵
    1. Fox, Liana,
    2. Wen-Jui Han,
    3. Cristopher Ruhm, and
    4. Jane Waldfogel
    . 2013. “Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of Parents, 1967–2009.” Demography 50(1): 25–49.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  16. ↵
    1. George, Erin
    . 2024. “Mothers’ Employment Has Surpassed Pre-Pandemic Levels, but the Child Care Crisis Persists.” US Department of Labor Blog, May 6. https://blog.dol.gov/2024/05/06/mothers-employment-has-surpassed-pre-pandemic-levels-but-the-child-care-crisis-persists.
  17. ↵
    1. Giefer, Katherine G.,
    2. Michael D. King, and
    3. Veronica L. Roth
    . 2022. “SNAP Receipt in SIPP: Using Administrative Records to Evaluate Data Quality.” SEHSD Working Paper No. 2022-22. US Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2022/demo/SEHSD-wp2022-22.html.
  18. ↵
    1. Glass, Jennifer L.,
    2. R. Kelly Raley, and
    3. Joanna R. Pepin
    . 2021. “Children’s Financial Dependence on Mothers: Propensity and Duration.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7: 1–11.
    OpenUrl
  19. ↵
    1. Goldin, Claudia
    . 2006. “The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women’s Employment, Education, and Family.” American Economic Review 96(2): 1–21.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    1. Goldin, Claudia, and
    2. Joshua Mitchell
    . 2017. “The New Life Cycle of Women’s Employment: Disappearing Humps, Sagging Middles, Expanding Tops.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(1): 161–82.
    OpenUrl
  21. ↵
    1. Gornick, Janet C., and
    2. Marcia K. Meyers
    . 2003. Families That Work. Policies Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. Russell Sage Foundation.
  22. ↵
    1. Gornick, Janet C., and
    2. Marcia K. Meyers
    . 2009. Gender Equality. Transforming Family Divisions of Labor. Verso.
  23. ↵
    1. Grall, Timothy
    . 2020. Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2017. Current Population Reports, no. P60-269. US Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-269.html.
  24. ↵
    1. Guzzo, Karen B
    . 2021. “Trends in Births to Single and Cohabiting Mothers Under 40, 1980–2018.” August 4. Family Profile no. 17. National Center for Family & Marriage Research, Bowling Green State University. https://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/college-of-arts-and-sciences/NCFMR/documents/FP/guzzo-trends-births-single-Cohab-moms-fp-21-17.pdf.
  25. ↵
    1. Guzzo, Karen B., and
    2. Sarah R. Hayford
    . 2020. “Pathways to Parenthood in Social and Family Contexts: Decade in Review.” Journal of Marriage and Family 82(1): 117–44.
    OpenUrl
  26. ↵
    1. Hamilton, Christal,
    2. Laurel Sariscsany,
    3. Jane Waldfogel, and
    4. Cristopher Wimer
    . 2023. “Experiences of Poverty Around the Time of a Birth: A Research Note.” Demography 60(4): 965–76.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  27. ↵
    1. Harknett, Kristen,
    2. Daniel Schneider, and
    3. Sigrid Luhr
    . 2022. “Who Cares If Parents Have Unpredictable Work Schedules?: Just-in-Time Work Schedules and Child Care Arrangements.” Social Problems 69(1): 164–83.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  28. ↵
    1. Harvey, Hope
    . 2026. “Economic Exchange and Relational Work in Doubled-Up Households.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(2): 84–108. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.2.04.
    OpenUrl
  29. ↵
    1. Harvey, Hope, and
    2. Rachel Dunifon
    . 2023. “Why Mothers Double Up: The Role of Demographic, Economic, and Family Characteristics.” Journal of Marriage and Family 85(3): 845–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12903.
    OpenUrl
  30. ↵
    1. Heflin, Colleen
    . 2016. “Family Instability and Material Hardship: Results from the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 37(3): 359–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-016-9503-6.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Heuveline, Patrick, and
    2. Matthew Weinshenker
    . 2008. “The International Child Poverty Gap: Does Demography Matter?” Demography 45(1): 173–91.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    1. Hill, Heather D.,
    2. Marci Ybarra,
    3. Julia Goodman, and
    4. Elizabeth Pelletier
    . 2026. “Are State Paid Family and Medical Leave Programs a Safety Net for Working Single Mothers?” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(1): 146–71. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.06.
    OpenUrl
  33. ↵
    1. Kalleberg, Arne L
    . 2011. Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: The Rise of Polarized and Precarious Employment Systems in the United States, 1970s–2000s. Russell Sage Foundation.
  34. ↵
    1. Kleven, Henrik,
    2. Camille Landais, and
    3. Jakob E. Sogaard
    . 2019. “Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11(4): 181–209.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  35. ↵
    1. Kwon, Sarah Jiyoon,
    2. Julia R. Henly, and
    3. Suh Kyung Lee
    . 2026. “Aligning Work and Care in a 24/7 Economy: The Childcare Arrangements of Low-Income Families Working Nontraditional Hours.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(1): 192–219. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.08.
    OpenUrl
  36. ↵
    1. Lambert, Susan J.,
    2. Julia R. Henly, and
    3. Jaeseung Kim
    . 2019. “Precarious Work Schedules as a Source of Economic Insecurity and Institutional Distrust.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5(4): 218–57. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2019.5.4.08.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  37. ↵
    1. Landivar, Liana C
    . 2023. “Mothers’ Employment Three Years Later: An Assessment of Employment Loss and Recovery During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” May. Women’s Bureau, US Department of Labor.
  38. ↵
    1. Laughlin, Lynda
    . 2011. “Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns of First-Time Mothers: 1961–2008.” Current Population Reports. P70-113. U.S. Census Bureau.
  39. ↵
    1. Marquis, Kent H., and
    2. Jeffery C. Moore
    . 1990. “Measurement Errors in SIPP Program Reports.” SIPP Working Paper No. 113. US Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1990/demo/SIPP-WP-113.html.
  40. ↵
    1. McKernan, Signe-Mary, and
    2. Caroline Ratcliffe
    . 2005. “Events That Trigger Poverty Entries and Exits.” Social Science Quarterly 86(s1): 1146–69.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  41. ↵
    1. McLanahan, Sara
    . 2004. “Diverging Destinies: How Children Are Faring Under the Second Demographic Transition.” Demography 41(4): 607–27.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. ↵
    1. Meyer, Bruce D.,
    2. Wallace K. C. Mok, and
    3. James X. Sullivan
    . 2015. “Household Surveys in Crisis.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29(4): 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.4.199.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  43. ↵
    1. Moffitt, Robert A
    . 2015. “The Deserving Poor, the Family, and the U.S. Welfare System.” Demography 52(3): 729–49.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  44. ↵
    1. Musick, Kelly,
    2. Megan Doherty Bea, and
    3. Pilar Gonalons-Pons
    . 2020. “His and Her Earnings Following Parenthood in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom.” American Sociological Review 84(4): 639–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420934430.
    OpenUrl
  45. ↵
    1. Musick, Kelly,
    2. Pilar Gonalons-Pons, and
    3. Christine Schwartz
    . 2022. “Change and Variation in U.S. Couples’ Earnings Equality Following Parenthood.” Population Development Review 48(2): 413–43.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  46. ↵
    1. Najman, Jake M.,
    2. Mohammad R. Hayatbakhsh,
    3. Alexandra Clavarino,
    4. William Bor,
    5. Michael J. O’Callaghan, and
    6. Gail M. Williams
    . 2010. “Family Poverty over the Early Life Course and Recurrent Adolescent and Young Adult Anxiety and Depression: A Longitudinal Study.” American Journal of Public Health 100(9): 1719–23.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    1. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
    . 2024. Table 104.20. Percentage of Persons 25 to 29 Years Old with Selected Levels of Educational Attainment, by Race/Ethnicity and Sex: Selected Years, 1920 Through 2024. Digest of Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d24/tables/dt24_104.20.asp.
  48. ↵
    1. Nepomnyaschy, Lenna,
    2. Margaret C. Thomas,
    3. Alex Haralampoudis, and
    4. Huiying Jin
    . 2022. “Nonresident Fathers and the Economic Precarity of Their Children.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 702(1): 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221119348.
    OpenUrl
  49. ↵
    1. Osterman, Michelle J. K.,
    2. Brady E. Hamilton,
    3. Joyce A. Martin,
    4. Anne K. Driscoll, and
    5. Claudia Valenzuela
    . 2022. Births: Final Data for 2020. National Vital Statistics Reports 70(17). US Department of Health and Human Resources, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
  50. ↵
    1. Paschall, Katherine, and
    2. Jessica Dym Bartlett
    . 2019. “Child Poverty Declines Even as Disparities Persist Among the Nation’s Youngest Children.” Child Trends Blog, May 30. https://www.childtrends.org/publications/child-poverty-declines-even-as-disparities-persist-among-the-nations-youngest-children.
  51. ↵
    1. Pepin, Joanna,
    2. Kimberly McErlean,
    3. Jennifer L. Glass, and
    4. R. Kelly Raley
    . 2024. “Why Are So Many U.S. Mothers Becoming Their Family’s Primary Economic Support?” Demography 61(6): 1793–817.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  52. ↵
    1. Pilkauskas, Natasha V., and
    2. Kevin Bruey
    . 2026. “Making Ends Meet Thirty Years Later: How Single Mothers Survive on Low Incomes.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(2): 57–82. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.2.03.
    OpenUrl
  53. ↵
    1. Rindfuss, Ronald R.,
    2. S. Philip Morgan, and
    3. Kate Offutt
    . 1996. “Education and the Changing Age Pattern of American Fertility: 1963–1989.” Demography 33(3): 277–90.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. ↵
    1. Ruggles, Steven
    . 2015. “Patriarchy, Power, and Pay: The Transformation of American Families, 1800–2015.” Demography 52(6): 1797–823.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  55. ↵
    1. Scherer, Zahary, and
    2. Katherine Giefer
    . 2024. “Evaluation of Social Security Reporting in the Survey of Income and Program Participation Compared with Administrative Records: 2017.” SEHSD Working Paper No. 2024-21. US Census Bureau.
  56. ↵
    1. Schneider, Daniel, and
    2. Kristen Harknett
    . 2019. “Consequences of Routine Work-Schedule Instability for Worker Health and Well-Being.” American Sociological Review 84(1): 82–114.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  57. ↵
    1. Sigle-Rushton, Wendy, and
    2. Jane Waldfogel
    . 2007. “The Incomes of Families with Children: A Cross-National Comparison.” Journal of European Social Policy 17(4): 299–318.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  58. ↵
    1. Sorensen, Elaine
    . 2021. “Characteristics of Custodial Parents and Their Children.” Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/css/report/characteristics-custodial-parents-and-their-children.
  59. ↵
    1. Stanczyk, Alexandra B
    . 2020. “The Dynamics of U.S. Household Economic Circumstances Around a Birth.” Demography 57(4): 1271–96.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  60. ↵
    1. Tach, Laura, and
    2. Kathryn Edin
    . 2017. “The Social Safety Net After Welfare Reform: Recent Developments and Consequences for Household Dynamics.” Annual Review of Sociology 43: 541–61. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053300.
    OpenUrl
  61. ↵
    1. Troller-Renfree, Sonya V.,
    2. Molly A. Costanzo,
    3. Greg J. Duncan, et al
    . 2022. “The Impact of a Poverty Reduction Intervention on Infant Brain Activity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119(5): e2115649119.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  62. ↵
    1. Ullrich, Rebecca,
    2. Stephanie Schmit, and
    3. Ruth Cosse
    . 2019. “Inequitable Access to Child Care Subsidies.” CLASP: Policy Solutions That Work for Low-Income People. https://www.clasp.org/sites/default/files/publications/2019/04/2019_inequitableaccess.pdf.
    1. United States Census Bureau
    . 2013. “SIPP-EHC 2011 and 2012 Field Test Evaluation.” September. US Department of Commerce. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/sipp/2015/2013_SIPP-EHC_Evaluation_Report.pdf.
  63. ↵
    1. United States Department of Labor
    . 2024. “U.S. Department of Labor Announces New Research That Underscores Benefits of Paid Family and Medical Leave.” November 21. US Department of Labor. https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/wb/wb20241121#main-content.
  64. ↵
    1. van der Naald, Joseph,
    2. Sarah K. Bruch, and
    3. Janet C. Gornick
    . 2026. “Poverty Disparities and the Reconfiguration of Social Provisioning: White, Black, and Latino Single-Mother Families, 1996–2018.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(1): 67–95. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.03.
    OpenUrl
  65. ↵
    1. Western, Bruce,
    2. Deirdre Bloome,
    3. Benjamin Sosnaud, and
    4. Laura M. Tach
    . 2016. “Trends in Income Insecurity Among U.S. Children, 1984–2010.” Demography 53(2): 419–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0463-0.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  66. ↵
    1. Westrick-Payne, Krista K.,
    2. Susan L. Brown, and
    3. Wendy D. Manning
    . 2025. “Crossover in the Median Age at First Marriage and First Birth: Forty-Three Years of Change.” Family Profile no. 13. National Center for Family & Marriage Research at Bowling Green State University. https://www.bgsu.edu/ncfmr/resources/data/family-profiles/FP-25-13.html.
  67. ↵
    1. Winston, Pamela
    . 2014. “Work-Family Supports for Low-Income Families.” US Department of Health and Human Services: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/work-family-supports-low-income-families-key-research-findings-policy-trends-0.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: 12 (1)
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Vol. 12, Issue 1
1 May 2026
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019
(Your Name) has sent you a message from RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
14 + 0 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019
Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Kelly Musick, Jennifer Glass, Aida Villanueva
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 96-121; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.04

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Income Dynamics and Income Inadequacy at the Transition to Parenthood, 1983–2019
Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Kelly Musick, Jennifer Glass, Aida Villanueva
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 96-121; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.04
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • CHANGES SHAPING ECONOMIC WELL-BEING AT THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD OVER FORTY YEARS
    • DATE AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Additional
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Child Protective Services as Gateway and Gatekeeper in the New Welfare State
  • Fifty Worlds of Welfare: State Discretion and Social Citizenship Since 1994
Show more I. Evolution of the Traditional Safety Net Since Making Ends Meet

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • income dynamics
  • parenthood
  • poverty
  • mothers’ earnings

© 2026 RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Powered by HighWire