Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request Form for Authors to Request Permission from other Publishers
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
    • RSF Policy on the Use of AI
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Publications
    • rsf

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
  • Publications
    • rsf
  • Log in
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Advanced Search

  • Foundation Website
  • Journal Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • All Issues
    • Future Issues
  • For Authors and Editors
    • Overview of RSF & How to Propose an Issue
    • RSF Style and Submission Guidelines
    • Article Submission Checklist
    • Permission Request Form for Authors to Request Permission from other Publishers
    • Terms of Contributor Agreement Form and Transfer of Copyright
    • RSF Contributor Agreement Form
    • Issue Editors' Agreement Form
    • RSF Policy on the Use of AI
  • About the Journal
    • Mission Statement
    • Editorial Board
    • Comments and Replies Policy
    • Journal Code of Ethics
    • Current Calls for Articles
    • Closed Calls for Articles
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright and ISSN Information
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Follow rsf on Twitter
  • Visit rsf on Facebook
  • Follow rsf on Google Plus
Research ArticleII. New Supports Since Making Ends Meet
Open Access

Guaranteed Income Programs: Single Parents, Spending, and Debt

Sara M. Constantino, Ajay Chaudry, Jonathan Morduch
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 220-246; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.09
Sara M. Constantino
aAssistant professor of environmental social sciences at the Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Sara M. Constantino
Ajay Chaudry
bResearch scholar at the Institute of Human Development and Social Change and at the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jonathan Morduch
cProfessor of public policy and economics at the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University, United States
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Additional
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Abbott, Erika, and
    2. Laura Tach
    . 2026. “Recipients’ Experiences of the Evolving Tax-Based Safety Net: The Case of the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(1): 172–91. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.07.
    OpenUrl
    1. Anderson, Michael L
    . 2008. “Multiple Inference and Gender Differences in the Effects of Early Intervention: A Reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training Projects.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 103(484): 1481–95. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214508000000841.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    1. Attanasio, Orazio P.,
    2. Veruska Oppedisano, and
    3. Marcos Vera-Hernández
    . 2015. “Should Cash Transfers Be Conditional? Conditionality, Preventive Care, and Health Outcomes.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(2): 35–52.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Baird, Sarah,
    2. Craig McIntosh, and
    3. Berk Özler
    . 2011. “Cash or Condition? Evidence from a Cash Transfer Experiment.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(4): 1709–53.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    1. Balakrishnan, Sidhya,
    2. Sara Constantino,
    3. Sewin Chan,
    4. Johannes Haushofer, and
    5. Jonathan Morduch
    . 2025. “The Design and Impact of Cash Transfers: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Compton, California.” Unpublished manuscript.
  5. ↵
    1. Banerjee, Abhijit,
    2. Rema Hanna,
    3. Gabriel Kreindler, and
    4. Benjamin Olken
    . 2017. “Debunking the Stereotype of the Lazy Welfare Recipient: Evidence from Cash Transfer Programs.” World Bank Research Observer 32(2): 155–84.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Bartik, Alexander W.,
    2. Elizabeth Rhodes,
    3. David E. Broockman,
    4. Patrick K. Krause,
    5. Sarah Miller, and
    6. Eva Vivalt
    . 2024. The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Consumption and Household Balance Sheets: Experimental Evidence from Two US States. Working Paper 32784. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  7. ↵
    1. Bruch, Sarah K.,
    2. Arun Chaudhary,
    3. Colin Gordon, and
    4. KaLeigh K. White
    . 2026. “Fifty Worlds of Welfare: State Discretion and Social Citizenship Since 1994.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(1): 34–66. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.02.
    OpenUrl
  8. ↵
    1. Burtless, Gary
    . 1986. “The Work Response to a Guaranteed Income: A Survey of Experimental Evidence.” In Lessons from the Income Maintenance Experiments, edited by Alicia Munnell, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
  9. ↵
    1. Chaudry, Ajay
    . 2004. Putting Children First: How Low-Wage Working Mothers Manage Child Care. Russell Sage Foundation.
  10. ↵
    1. Collins, Daryl,
    2. Jonathan Morduch,
    3. Stuart Rutherford, and
    4. Orlanda Ruthven
    . 2009. Portfolios of the Poor: How the World’s Poor Live on $2 a Day. Princeton University Press.
  11. ↵
    1. Crosta, Tommaso,
    2. Dean Karlan,
    3. Finley Ong,
    4. Julius Rüschenpöhler, and
    5. Christopher R. Udry
    . 2024. Unconditional Cash Transfers: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Randomized Evaluations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Working Paper 32779. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  12. ↵
    1. Daidone, Silvio,
    2. Benjamin Davis,
    3. Sudhanshu Handa, and
    4. Paul Winters
    . 2019. “The Household and Individual-Level Productive Impacts of Cash Transfer Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 101(5): 1401–31.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  13. ↵
    1. De Mel, Suresh,
    2. David McKenzie, and
    3. Christopher Woodruff
    . 2012. “One-Time Transfers of Cash or Capital Have Long-Lasting Effects on Microenterprises in Sri Lanka.” Science 335(6071): 962–66.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    1. Duncan, Greg,
    2. Aletha Huston, and
    3. Thomas Weisner
    . 2008. Higher Ground: New Hope for the Working Poor and Their Children. Russell Sage Foundation.
  15. ↵
    1. Dwyer, Rachel
    . 2018. “Credit, Debt, and Inequality.” Annual Review of Sociology 44: 237–61.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  16. ↵
    1. Edin, Kathryn, and
    2. Laura Lein
    . 1997. Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work. Russell Sage Foundation.
    1. Edin, Kathryn, and
    2. H. Luke Shaefer
    . 2016. $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America. Mariner Books.
  17. ↵
    1. Egger, Dennis,
    2. Johannes Haushofer,
    3. Edward Miguel,
    4. Paul Niehaus, and
    5. Michael Walker
    . 2022. “General Equilibrium Effects of Cash Transfers: Experimental Evidence from Kenya.” Econometrica 90: 2603–43.
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Ellwood, David
    . 1988. Poor Support: Poverty in the American Family. Basic Books.
  19. ↵
    1. Evans, David, and
    2. Anna Popova
    . 2017. “Cash Transfers and Temptation Goods.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 65(2): 189–221.
    OpenUrl
  20. ↵
    1. Forget, Evelyn L.
    2011. “The Town with No Poverty: The Health Effects of a Canadian Guaranteed Annual Income Field Experiment.” Canadian Public Policy 37(3): 283–305.
    OpenUrl
  21. ↵
    1. Fulford, Scott
    . 2023. The Pandemic Paradox: How the COVID Crisis Made Americans More Financially Secure. Princeton University Press.
  22. ↵
    1. Gennetian, Lisa A.,
    2. Greg Duncan,
    3. Nathan A. Fox, et al
    . 2022. Unconditional Cash and Family Investments in Infants: Evidence from a Large-Scale Cash Transfer Experiment in the US. Working Paper 30379. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  23. ↵
    1. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew, and
    2. Leslie McGranahan
    . 2008. “How Do EITC Recipients Spend Their Refunds?” Economic Perspectives 32(2).
  24. ↵
    1. Halpern-Meekin, Sarah,
    2. Kathryn Edin,
    3. Laura Tach,
    4. Jennifer Sykes
    . 2015. It’s Not Like I’m Poor: How Working Families Make Ends Meet in a Post-Welfare World. University of California Press.
  25. ↵
    1. Harvey, Hope
    . 2026. “Economic Exchange and Relational Work in Doubled-Up Households.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(2): 84–108. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.2.04.
    OpenUrl
  26. ↵
    1. Harvey, Hope,
    2. Rachel Dunifon, and
    3. Natasha Pilkauskas
    . 2021. “Under Whose Roof? Understanding the Living Arrangements of Children in Doubled-Up Households.” Demography 58(3): 821–46.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  27. ↵
    1. Haushofer, Johannes, and
    2. Jeremy Shapiro
    . 2016. “The Short-Term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers to the Poor: Experimental Evidence from Kenya.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131(4): 1973–2042. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw025.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  28. ↵
    1. Hoynes, Hilary, and
    2. Jesse Rothstein
    . 2019. “Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries.” Annual Review of Economics 11: 929–58.
    OpenUrl
  29. ↵
    1. Jacob, Brian,
    2. Natasha Pilkauskas,
    3. Elizabeth Rhodes,
    4. Katherine Richard, and
    5. H. Luke Shaefer
    . 2022. “The COVID-19 Cash Transfer Study II: The Hardship and Mental Health Impacts of an Unconditional Cash Transfer to Low-Income Individuals.” National Tax Journal 75(3): 597–625.
    OpenUrl
  30. ↵
    1. Jaroszewicz, Ania,
    2. Julian M. Jachimowicz,
    3. Oliver P. Hauser, and
    4. Julian Jamison
    . 2023. “Cash Can Make Its Absence Felt: Randomizing Unconditional Cash Transfer Amounts in the US.” Working Paper.
  31. ↵
    1. Jones, Damon, and
    2. Ioana Marinescu
    . 2022. “The Labor Market Impacts of Universal and Permanent Cash Transfers: Evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 14(2): 315–40.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. Kansikas, Carolina,
    2. Anandi Mani, and
    3. Paul Niehaus
    . 2023. “Customized Cash Transfers: Financial Lives and Cash-Flow Preferences in Rural Kenya.” Working Paper.
  33. ↵
    1. Krause, Patrick K.,
    2. Elizabeth Rhodes,
    3. Sarah Miller,
    4. Alexander W. Bartik,
    5. David E. Broockman, and
    6. Eva Vivalt
    . 2025. “The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Parenting and Children.” Working Paper 34040. National Bureau of Economic Research.
    1. Kwon, Sarah Jiyoon,
    2. Julia R. Henly, and
    3. Suh Kyung Lee
    . “Aligning Work and Care in a 24/7 Economy: The Childcare Arrangements of Low-Income Families Working Nontraditional Hours.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(1): 192–219. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.08.
  34. ↵
    1. Levy, Santiago
    . 2006. Progress Against Poverty: Sustaining Mexico’s Progresa-Oportunidades Program. Brookings Institution Press.
  35. ↵
    1. Lowrey, Annie
    . 2018. Give People Money: How a Universal Basic Income Would End Poverty, Revolutionize Work, and Remake the World. Crown.
  36. ↵
    1. Mani, Anandi,
    2. Sendhil Mullainathan,
    3. Eldar Shafir,
    4. Jiaying Zhao
    . 2013. “Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function.” Science 341(6149): 976–80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  37. ↵
    1. Matthews, Dylan
    . 2014. “A Guaranteed Income for Every American Would Eliminate Poverty—and It Wouldn’t Destroy the Economy.” Vox, July 23. https://www.vox.com/2014/7/23/5925041/guaranteed-income-basic-poverty-gobry-labor-supply.
  38. ↵
    1. Moffitt, Robert A
    . 2003. “The Negative Income Tax and the Evolution of U.S. Welfare Policy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17(3): 119–40.
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Morduch, Jonathan, and
    2. Rachel Schneider
    . 2017. The Financial Diaries: How American Families Cope in a World of Uncertainty. Princeton University Press.
  40. ↵
    1. Munnell, Alicia
    . 1987. “Lessons from the Income Maintenance Experiments: An Overview.” New England Economic Review, May, 32–45.
  41. ↵
    1. Noble, Kimberly,
    2. Katherine Magnuson,
    3. Greg Duncan, et al
    . 2025. “The Effect of a Monthly Unconditional Cash Transfer on Children’s Development at Four Years of Age: A Randomized Controlled Trial in the U.S.” Working Paper 33844. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  42. ↵
    1. Parolin, Zachary,
    2. Elizabeth Ananat,
    3. Sophie Collyer,
    4. Megan Curran, and
    5. Christopher Wimer
    . 2023. “The Effects of the Monthly and Lump-Sum Child Tax Credit Payments on Food and Housing Hardship.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 113: 406–12.
    OpenUrl
  43. ↵
    1. Pilkauskas, Natasha V.,
    2. Brian A. Jacob,
    3. Elizabeth Rhodes,
    4. Katherine Richard, and
    5. H. Luke Shaefer
    . 2022. “The Covid Cash Transfer Study: The Impacts of a One-Time Unconditional Cash Transfer on the Well-Being of Families Receiving SNAP in Twelve States.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 42(3): 771–95.
    OpenUrl
  44. ↵
    1. Reynolds, Travis,
    2. C. Leigh Anderson,
    3. Pierre Biscaye, et al
    . 2017. Review of Long-Term Impacts of Cash Transfer Programs. EPAR Technical Report No. 359. Evans School, University of Washington.
  45. ↵
    1. Riccio, James, and
    2. Cynthia Miller
    . 2016, May. New York City’s First Conditional Cash Transfer Program: What Worked, What Didn’t. MDRC. https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/NYC_First_Conditional_Cash_Transfer_Full_Report_0.pdf.
  46. ↵
    1. Richterman, Aaron,
    2. Christophe Millien,
    3. Elizabeth F. Bair, et al
    . 2023. “The Effects of Cash Transfers on Adult and Child Mortality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Nature 618: 575–82.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  47. ↵
    1. Robins, Philip K
    . 1985. “A Comparison of the Labor Supply Findings from the Four Negative Income Tax Experiments.” Journal of Human Resources 20(4): 567–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/145685.
    OpenUrl
  48. ↵
    1. Romich, Jennifer, and
    2. Thomas Weisner
    . 2000. “How Families View and Use the EITC: Advance Payment Versus Lump Sum Delivery.” National Tax Journal 53(4, pt. 2): 1245–65.
    OpenUrl
  49. ↵
    1. Satcher, Lacee A
    . 2022. “Multiply-Deserted Areas: Environmental Racism and Food, Pharmacy, and Greenspace Access in the Urban South.” Environmental Sociology 8(3): 279–91.
    OpenUrl
  50. ↵
    1. Shaefer, H. Luke,
    2. Kathryn Edin,
    3. Vincent Fusaro, and
    4. Pinghui Wu
    . 2020. “The Decline of Cash Assistance and the Well-Being of Poor Households with Children.” Social Forces 98(3): 1000–025.
    OpenUrl
  51. ↵
    1. Shaefer, H. Luke,
    2. Kathryn Edin, and
    3. Elizabeth Talbert
    . 2015. “Understanding the Dynamics of $2-a-Day Poverty in the United States.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 1(1): 120–38. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2015.1.1.07.
    OpenUrl
  52. ↵
    1. Shrider, Emily A., and
    2. John Creamer
    . 2023. Poverty in the United States: 2022. Report P60-280. US Census Bureau.
  53. ↵
    1. Sykes, Jennifer.,
    2. Katrin Križ,
    3. Kathryn Edin, and
    4. Sarah Halpern-Meekin
    . 2015. “Dignity and Dreams: What the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) Means to Low-Income Families.” American Sociological Review 80(2): 243–67.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  54. ↵
    1. Tach, Laura M., and
    2. Sara Sternberg Greene
    . 2014. “‘Robbing Peter to Pay Paul’: Economic and Cultural Explanations for How Lower-Income Families Manage Debt.” Social Problems 61(1): 1–21.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  55. ↵
    1. Thaler, Richard
    . 1985. “Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice.” Marketing Science 4(3): 199–214.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  56. ↵
    1. Thaler, Richard, and
    2. Shlomo Benartzi
    . 2004. “Save More TomorrowTM: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving.” Journal of Political Economy 112(S1): S164–S187.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  57. ↵
    1. Thaler, Richard, and
    2. Cass Sunstein
    . 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale University Press.
  58. ↵
    1. US Census Bureau
    . n.d. “QuickFacts: Compton City, California.” Accessed August 2025. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/comptoncitycalifornia/FIPS.
  59. ↵
    1. van der Naald, Joseph,
    2. Sarah K. Bruch, and
    3. Janet C. Gornick
    . 2026. “Poverty Disparities and the Reconfiguration of Social Provisioning: White, Black, and Latino Single-Mother Families, 1996–2018.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(1): 67–95. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.03.
    OpenUrl
  60. ↵
    1. Vivalt, Eva,
    2. Elizabeth Rhodes,
    3. Alexander W. Bartik,
    4. David E. Broockman, and
    5. Sarah Miller
    . 2024. “The Employment Effects of a Guaranteed Income: Experimental Evidence from Two US States.” Working Paper 32719. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  61. ↵
    1. West, Stacia, and
    2. Amy Castro
    . 2023. “Impact of Guaranteed Income on Health, Finances, and Agency: Findings from the Stockton Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Urban Health 100(2): 227–44.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  62. ↵
    1. Widerquist, Karl
    . 2005. “A Failure to Communicate: What (If Anything) Can We Learn from the Negative Income Tax Experiments?” Journal of Socio-Economics 34(1): 49–81.
    OpenUrl
  63. ↵
    1. Yoshino, Clara A.,
    2. Kristi Sidney-Annerstedt,
    3. Tom Wingfield, et al
    . 2023. “Experiences of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers Intended for Improving Health Outcomes and Health Service Use: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3(3): CD013635. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013635.pub2.
    OpenUrl
  64. ↵
    1. Zelizer, Viviana
    . 1995. The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief, and Other Currencies. Princeton University Press.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: 12 (1)
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Vol. 12, Issue 1
1 May 2026
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Guaranteed Income Programs: Single Parents, Spending, and Debt
(Your Name) has sent you a message from RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
8 + 12 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Guaranteed Income Programs: Single Parents, Spending, and Debt
Sara M. Constantino, Ajay Chaudry, Jonathan Morduch
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 220-246; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.09

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Guaranteed Income Programs: Single Parents, Spending, and Debt
Sara M. Constantino, Ajay Chaudry, Jonathan Morduch
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences May 2026, 12 (1) 220-246; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.09
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • THE CONTEXT FOR GUARANTEED INCOME PROGRAMS
    • THE COMPTON PLEDGE
    • METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Additional
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Recipients’ Experiences of the Evolving Tax-Based Safety Net: The Case of the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit
  • Are State Paid Family and Medical Leave Programs a Safety Net for Working Single Mothers?
Show more II. New Supports Since Making Ends Meet

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • guaranteed income
  • UBI
  • cash transfers
  • single mothers
  • liquidity
  • household composition
  • poverty
  • debt

© 2026 RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Powered by HighWire