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Research ArticleIII. Consequences of the Deportation System for Immigrants, Families, and Communities in the United States
Open Access

Settlement Duration Matters: Deportation Threat and Safety Net Participation Among Mixed-Status Families

Youngjin Stephanie Hong, Marci Ybarra, Angela S. García
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences November 2025, 11 (4) 142-174; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2025.11.4.07
Youngjin Stephanie Hong
aT32 postdoctoral trainee at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States
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Marci Ybarra
bProfessor and director at the Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States
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Angela S. García
cAssociate professor at the University of Chicago Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, United States
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Program Participation Rates over Time in the Study Sample

    Source: Authors’ calculations of program participation rates from CHIS data (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research 2016).

    Note: CHIS weights are applied. Average participation rates are plotted for each program in the full study sample (which vary across programs).

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    Figure 2.

    California County-Level Removal Rates over Time Under the Secure Communities Program

    Source: Authors’ calculations of removal rates from TRAC (n.d.) data.

    Note: All California counties’ removal rates are plotted in this figure. Several counties are distinguished using patterned and symbol-marked lines: Calaveras County (dash), Imperial County (triangle symbol), Lassen County (diamond symbol), LA County (squared symbol), Mariposa County (dash-dot line), and San Diego (short dash).

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    Figure 3.

    Predicted Program Participation Rates by SC Removal Rates for Likely Undocumented Latinas with Less than Five Years in the United States and US-Born Latinas

    Source: Authors’ calculation of CHIS data (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research 2016).

    Note: We used the margins command in STATA to calculate the predicted program participation rates. The vertical line indicates 95 percent confidence intervals. The predicted TANF participation rates at the removal rate of three to five should be interpreted with caution since they are below zero, although their confidence intervals overlap with zero. Overall, the decreasing trends of participation rates for all programs provide evidence of reductions in children’s program participation among likely undocumented mothers with less than five years in the US.

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    Figure 4.

    Predicted Program Participation Rates by SC Removal Rates for Likely Undocumented Latinas with Different Durations in the United States

    Source: Authors’ calculation of CHIS data (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research 2016).

    Note: We used the margins command in STATA to calculate the predicted program participation rates. The vertical line indicates 95 percent confidence intervals. The predicted TANF participation rates at the removal rate of three to five should be interpreted with caution since they are below zero, although those estimates lack statistical significance. The predicted means of children’s program participation rates among undocumented mothers with less than five years in the US differ between figure 3 and figure 4. This discrepancy arises from using different samples: US-born mothers and undocumented mothers with less than five years in the US versus only undocumented mothers comprising different groups of US durations. These differences result in different coefficients for all variables and, therefore, differences in predicted means. However, the confidence intervals of predicted means for the less than five years group at a given removal rate overlap between the two figures, indicating that they are not statistically distinguishable.

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RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: 11 (4)
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Vol. 11, Issue 4
1 Nov 2025
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Settlement Duration Matters: Deportation Threat and Safety Net Participation Among Mixed-Status Families
Youngjin Stephanie Hong, Marci Ybarra, Angela S. García
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Nov 2025, 11 (4) 142-174; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2025.11.4.07

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Settlement Duration Matters: Deportation Threat and Safety Net Participation Among Mixed-Status Families
Youngjin Stephanie Hong, Marci Ybarra, Angela S. García
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences Nov 2025, 11 (4) 142-174; DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2025.11.4.07
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • BACKGROUND
    • DATA
    • MEASURES
    • EMPIRICAL STRATEGY
    • SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS BY MOTHER’S IMMIGRATION STATUS
    • ASSOCIATION BETWEEN REMOVAL RATES AND SAFETY NET PARTICIPATION (RQ1)
    • THE ROLE OF MOTHER’S DURATION IN THE US (RQ2)
    • FALSIFICATION AND ROBUSTNESS TESTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • Appendix A
    • Appendix B
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

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More in this TOC Section

  • ICE at the Door, Tests on the Floor: Student Achievement and Local Immigration Enforcement
  • Future, Interrupted: Examining the Impact of a Large Worksite Enforcement Operation on Students’ Educational and Workforce Pathways
Show more III. Consequences of the Deportation System for Immigrants, Families, and Communities in the United States

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Keywords

  • deportation threat
  • secure communities
  • safety net
  • mixed-status families
  • settlement
  • recent arrivals

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