The Fallout from Criminal Justice System Contact

Point-in-Time Contact Rates by Contact Type and Race/Ethnicity

Source: Authors’ calculations.

Note: Vertical dotted lines represent when two separate categories replaced the combined Asian/Pacific Islander category. Vertical dashed lines indicate that in the years following, counts by racial group do not include Hispanics; in the jails plot, White and Black were already specified as non-Hispanic. Jail population data are adjusted for all years using procedures described in Census of Jails, 2005–2019, Statistical Tables, 48.

Prison Admissions per 100,000 Residents Ages 20–39 by Race and Educational Attainment

Source: Muller and Roehrkasse 2022. Reprinted with permission.

Note: Rates are adjusted to account for changes in the distribution of educational attainment; see Muller and Roehrkasse 2022.

Direct and Indirect Cumulative Exposure Risks to Arrest, Probation, and Incarceration

Sources: ^a Boen, Graetz, et al. 2022; ^b Brame et al. 2014; ^c Roehrkasse and Wildeman 2022; ^d Boen, Olson, and Lee 2022; ^e Goldman 2019; ^f Enns et al. 2019; ^g Wildeman 2009; ^h Finlay et al. 2023.

Note: Overlapping estimates are jittered to ensure visibility.

Results from Race-Stratified Models in Existing Literature

Source: Authors’ calculations.

Statistical Methods Used by Outcome and Treatment Analyzed (1992–August 2023)

Source: Authors’ calculations.